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Digital Subscriber Line

The various flavors of digital subscriber line technology (xDSL) are helping to solve the local loop bandwidth problem which plagues Metropolitan and Wide Area Networks today. Symmetric DSL provides the ability to transmit and receive at up to T1 speeds over common POTS twisted-pair wiring. Asymmetric DSL (ADSL) and Rate Adaptive DSL (RADSL) offer

Choosing Subscriber Type

Create AMIS A subscribers. y Create Internet subscribers. Create AMIS A subscribers. y Create Internet subscribers. subscribers. subscribers. The flowchart in the figure represents a decision tree for choosing which types of subscribers to create on a Cisco Unity server. The choices are not mutually exclusive. It is possible, because of multiple message targets, to need several of the subscriber addressing options. If you know that the servers are not Cisco Unity servers, but you want callers to be able to find these subscribers in the directory, then you will implement them as AMIS, VPIM, Internet, or Bridge subscribers. Which type you choose is dependent on the target server. If the target servers are not Cisco Unity servers and you do not wish to have the subscribers listed in the directory, blind addressing will work best.

VPIM subscribers are contacts in Active Directory

- If deleting VPIM subscribers, remember to manually delete the underlying contact in Active Directory Users and Computer. VPIM subscribers, like Internet subscribers, are Cisco Unity subscribers with no mailbox storage on the Exchange mail store. Before creating any VPIM subscribers, you must first create the VPIM delivery locations corresponding to the server on which their mailbox resides. When you create VPIM subscribers, you must specify the user mailbox number on the delivery system and the delivery location that the subscribers are associated with. You must include an extension for each VPIM subscriber, although this extension does not have to match the delivery location mailbox number. VPIM subscribers are represented as contacts in Active Directory. When you delete VPIM subscribers, either by deleting individual accounts or by deleting the delivery location that accounts are associated with, remember to go into Active Directory and delete the underlying contact information,...

Graphical User Interface Subscriber Management

Like the administrator's Cisco Unity Express GUI, subscribers can open Microsoft Internet Explorer, version 6 or higher, and type http CUE-Server, where CUE-Server is either the IP address of Cisco Unity Express or a hostname that can be resolved to an IP address. The subscriber will enter their username and password to log in to the GUI. Figure 9.4 shows an example of the subscriber GUI home page configuration options after login. Figure 9.4 Subscriber GUI Home Page Notice that the subscriber GUI home page is similar to the administrator GUI home page, but without as many configuration options. A subscriber (that is, someone who is not a member of the administrator's group) has permission to change only the configuration settings of their subscriber account. The common subscriber configuration options offered by Cisco Unity Express are as follows Telephony User Interface Subscriber Management Cisco Unity Express offers subscribers a robust TUI to manage and customize their voice...

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line ADSL

It allows more bandwidth downstream---from an NSP's central office to the customer site---than upstream from the subscriber to the central office. This asymmetry, combined with always-on access (which eliminates call setup), makes ADSL ideal for Internet intranet surfing, video-on-demand, and remote LAN access. Users of these applications typically download much more information than they send. ADSL transmits more than 6 Mbps to a subscriber, and as much as 640 kbps more in both directions (shown in Figure 15-1). Such rates expand existing access capacity by a factor of 50 or more without new cabling. ADSL can literally transform the existing public information network from one limited to voice, text, and low-resolution graphics to a powerful, ubiquitous system capable of bringing multimedia, including full motion video, to every home this century. ADSL will play a crucial role over the next decade or more as telephone companies enter new markets for...

Only applies for local subscribers not for those from other Cisco Unity servers

Remapping subscriber aliases is typically done in situations in which you have backed up Cisco Unity data from a voice-mail-only deployment and are moving it into a unified messaging configuration in which the alias naming convention is different. The process for remapping aliases is very simple. You create a CSV file that contains the old alias string to be found in the Cisco Unity backup and the new alias sting you would like to use in the restored system. You check the Map subscriber aliases using a mapping file box on the Disaster Recovery Restore screen and provide the path of where to find the CSV file. During the restore, DiRT will search for all the old aliases and, if found, replace them. This will be completed before the directory synchronization, so that Cisco Unity will automatically bind to users with the new aliases. If the old alias is not found in the restored database, it is noted in the log file and skipped. All aliases that are found and replaced in the local system...

Connection between subscriber and CO

Several years ago, research by Bell Labs identified that a typical voice conversation over a local loop only required the use of bandwidth of 300 Hz to 3 kHz. For years the bandwidth above 3 kHz went unused. Advances in technology allowed DSL to use the additional bandwidth from 3 kHz up to 1 MHz to deliver high-speed data services over ordinary copper lines. For example, asymmetric DSL (ADSL) uses a frequency range from approximately 20 kHz to 1 MHz. In order to deliver high-bandwidth data rates to subscribers, a relatively small change to the existing telephone company infrastructure is required. DSL is not a complete end-to-end solution, but rather a physical layer transmission technology similar to dial, cable, or wireless. DSL connections are deployed in the last mile of a local telephone network the local loop. The connection is set up between a pair of modems on either end of a copper wire extending between the customer premises equipment (CPE) and the DSL access multiplexer...

Cisco Unity Subscriber Configuration

Each phone user who needs a mailbox in Cisco Unity requires a subscriber account created in the Cisco Unity System Administrator (SA). To add a subscriber, follow these steps Step 2 Click the Subscriber hyperlink, which is displayed in Figure 18-25. Step 3 Click the + sign to add a new subscriber. Step 5 Click the floppy disk icon to save. The subscriber will be configured for self-enrollment the first time he attempts to use the Unity voice-mail system. Figure 18-26 shows the Add Subscriber page. Figure 18-25 Unity Subscriber Profile Configuration Page < j Subscribers Subscriber Information V Set subscriber for self-enrollment at next login l List in phone directory Show subscriber in e-mail server address book Figure 18-26 Unity Add New Subscriber Configuration Page Figure 18-26 Unity Add New Subscriber Configuration Page

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) technology is asymmetric. It allows more bandwidth downstream from an NSP's central office to the customer site than upstream from the subscriber to the central office. This asymmetry, combined with always-on access (which eliminates caN setup), manes ADSL ideal for Internet intranet surfing, video-on-demand, and remote LAN access. Users of these applications typically download much more information thaa they send. ADSL transmits more than 6 Mbps to a subscriber and as much as 640 Kbps more in both directions (shown in Figure 21-1). Such rates expand existing access capacity by a factor of 50 or more without new cabling. ADSL can literally transform the existing public information network from one limited to voice, text, and low-resolution graphics to a powerful, ubiquitous system capable of bringing multimedia, including full-motion video, to every home in the coming yea rs.

Problem Subscriber Misunderstandings

A subscriber who is using Optional Conversation 1 may misunderstand the effect of pressing the key twice during message playback. When a subscriber presses the key twice while listening to a message, Cisco Unity saves the message as a new message and skips to the next message. Later, the subscriber checks messages again, hears the same message, and believes the message arrived after a delay. Solution Explain to the subscriber that pressing the key twice while a message plays saves it as a new message.

Digital Subscriber Line DSL

DigitaJ subscriber line (DSL), like ISDN, allows multiple devices to share a single telephone line. DSL speeds generally are faster than ISDN. DSL allows the use of high-bandwidth applications and lets multiple users share the same connection to the Internet. In most cases, the copper wires already in your home or business can carry the signals needed for DSL communication.

Digital Subscriber Line Remote Access

Another technology for remote access is Digital Subscriber Line (DSL). Telephone companies offer DSL for high-speed data traffic over ordinary telephone wires. With DSL, a home office or small office can connect a DSL modem (or DSL router with a built-in modem) to a phone line and use this connection to reach a central-site intranet and or the Internet.

ISDN Digital Subscriber Line

ISDNdigital subscriber line (IDSL) is a cross between ISDN and xDSL. It is like ISDN in that it uses a single-wire pair to transmit full-duplex data at 128 Kbps and at distances of up to RRD range. Like ISDN, IDSL uses a 2B1Q line code to enable transparent operation through the ISDN U interface. Finally, the user continues to use existing CPE (ISDN BRI terminal adapters, bridges, and routers) to make the CO connections.

VPIM Subscribers

Subscribers can be identified in the Cisco Unity system but really exist in a different voice-mail system that supports VPIM. Cisco Unity Version 4.0 offers users the ability to interface with third-party voice-mail systems using VPIM. The main advantage of using VPIM over AMIS is that VPIM messages are transferred digitally, while AMIS messages are transmitted over analog lines. This results in messages being sent more quickly via VPIM. As with AMIS, the off-box storage of a VPIM subscriber is going to be a different voice-mail system. VPIM subscribers appear as contacts in Active Directory. The main difference is that the messages are transmitted via SMTP rather than as an analog message over the PSTN. As with Internet subscribers, any options relating to the local message store are unavailable. This means that VPIM subscribers cannot log in to Cisco Unity to check or send messages, log in to Cisco Unity via the telephone, or use Cisco Unity Assistant to change personal settings,...

Subscribers

Subscribers and call handlers are almost identical with respect to their call handling characteristics. Subscribers are really two separate objects that work together. There's a mail user object and it's corresponding primary call handler. This is just a call handler that's assigned to a subscriber and doesn't appear in the call handler search dialogs. The one difference between the primary call handler of the subscriber and 'normal' call handlers is that subscribers have only one transfer rule instead of the full three that regular call handlers do. In addition to the primary extension that you specify for subscribers, you can assign subscribers up to nine alternate extensions. (The primary extension is the one that you assign to each subscriber when you create his or her subscriber account it is listed on the Subscribers > Subscribers > Profile page). This is an easy way to configure a shared mailbox- when other phones (phones that do not have the primary extension configured)...

AMIS Subscribers

Much like Internet subscribers, except that the AMIS subscriber mailbox must be another AMIS-compliant voice-mail system Cisco Unity 4.0 offers users the ability to interface with third-party voice-mail systems using the Audio Messaging Interchange Specification analog (AMIS-a) protocol. AMIS subscribers are much like Internet subscribers, with one important difference. While the off-box storage of an Internet subscriber is generally another e-mail system, the off-box storage of an AMIS subscriber is going to be a different voice-mail system. The AMIS subscriber off-box storage appears as custom recipients in Exchange 5.5 or contacts in Active Directory. As with Internet subscribers, options relating to the local message store are unavailable. This means that AMIS subscribers cannot log on to Cisco Unity to check or send messages, log on to Cisco Unity via the telephone, or use Active Assistant to change personal settings, own private lists, set up or receive message notification, or...

Subscriber Mailboxes

A user mailbox, also referred to as a subscriber mailbox, is typically assigned to one individual. That person personalizes and customizes the user mailbox to meet their individual needs. For example, a subscriber mailbox is created and assigned to John Smith. John's phone is configured to forward to this subscriber mailbox if his extension is busy or he does not answer. When a caller is redirected to John's subscriber mailbox, a greeting is played to the caller. This greeting, created by John, may state, Thank you for calling John Smith. I am either on the phone or away from my desk. Please leave a message. Once the caller leaves a message in the user mailbox, it becomes accessible by John for retrieval. John uses his personal pin number to log in to his user mailbox and listen to the message left by the caller. A subscriber mailbox is designed to serve an individual user on Cisco Unity Express.

Corporate and Government Sales

Readers' feedback is a natural continuation of this process. If you have any comments regarding how we could improve the quality of this book, or otherwise alter it to better suit your needs, you can contact us through email at feedback ciscopress.com. Please make sure to include the book title and ISBN in your message.

Informational Signaling

Tone combinations indicate call progress and are used to notify subscribers of call status. Each Ringback (normal or PBX) Indicates that the telephone company is attempting to complete a call on behalf of a subscriber No such number Indicates that a subscriber has placed a call to a nonexistent number

Time Division Multiplexing

Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) involves carrying multiple voice signals by allocating an individual frequency range to each call. FDM is typically used in analog connections, although its functionality is similar to that of TDM in digital connections. FDM is used in cable or digital subscriber line (DSL) connections to allow the simultaneous use of multiple channels over the same wire.

About the Technical Reviewers

Rick Burts, CCIE No. 4615, has over 20 years experience with computers and computer networks. Rick is a certified Cisco Systems instructor and a CCIE (Routing Switching). He has taught a variety of Cisco courses and helped develop an OSPF course for Mentor Technologies. Rick is a consultant and has helped many customers with OSPF as their network routing protocol. He is a senior consultant with Chesapeake NetCraftsmen (www.netcraftsmen.net). In his current position, Rick deals with network design, implementation, and troubleshooting issues and teaches a few courses. Daniel L. Golding is peering manager in America Online's Internet Architecture group. Dan is responsible for ensuring worldwide Internet connectivity for all AOL Time Warner subscribers and properties. His particular areas of expertise include internetwork peering and routing policy design. He has a long history of involvement with various Internet service providers, particularly in the area of backbone engineering. Dan is...

Do You Shoot Trouble or Does Trouble Shoot

Shooting trouble is often about questions. Do you ask the equipment or the user Who is waiting for the results What has happened When did it occur Why Where did it happen Are you using 10 100-Mbps Ethernet to the desktop 155-Mbps ATM or carrier services such as cable modems, d igrta l subscriber line (DSL), wireless, ISDN, Frame Relay, Switched Multimegabit Data Service rSMDS), ATM, or long-haul Ethernet The protocols, technologies, media, and topologies entail lots o1 complexity and the only thing constant is change. So where do you begin

Supervisory Signaling

This topic describes on-hook, off-hook, and ringing supervisory signaling. Supervisory signaling serves to initiate the interaction between the subscriber and the attached switch. To place a call, a subscriber must lift the handset from the telephone cradle. Removing the handset from the cradle places the circuit off hook. The switch hook is then toggled to a closed state, causing circuit current to flow through the electrical loop. The current notifies the telephone company that someone is requesting to place a telephone call. When the telephone network senses the off-hook connection by the flow of current, it provides a signal in the form of the dial tone to indicate that it is ready. When a subscriber makes a call, the telephone sends voltage to the ringer to notify the other subscriber of an inbound call. The telephone company also sends a ringback tone to the caller, alerting the caller that it is sending ringing voltage to the recipient telephone. Although ringback tone is not...

Digitalto Analog Converters

From a basic standpoint, the analog signal is converted into a digital signal, multiplexed into a high-bandwidth circuit for transmission through the service provider network, and converted back into an analog signal at the remote CO, as shown in Figure 1-7, for the terminating subscriber connection. The line termination for each analog circuit at CO must also do a conversion (unless deployed through a Subscriber Line Carrier SLC , in which case it is done prior to the CO). The primary focus of this book is on digital communication mediums. For an overview of the pulse code modulation process (PCM), refer to Chapter 3.

Record messages greetings and voice names

The second function that voice boards perform is digital-to-analog conversion, necessary when playing digital files received from Cisco Unity (such as system prompts or a recorded greeting) over an analog PSTN so that a subscriber or outside caller may understand them. Voice boards also provide analog-to-digital conversion, necessary when a message is spoken over the telephone network and must then be converted into a digital file to reside on a hard drive of a server.

Analog Service Deployments

First and foremost, your telephone is part of a circuit between your residence office and the service provider's CO. There are two logical sections of this circuit the subscriber's portion and the service provider's portion. The service provider owns all the equipment leading up to the subscriber's premise. The subscriber's portion and the service provider's portion both terminate at a device called the network interface device (NID). The NID is a defined interface in the United States that separates the telco's equipment from the customer's equipment. This box is used because the United States federal government limited what services and equipment the telephone company can provide in the Divestiture Hearings of 1984. Although you might not recognize the term NID in an international environment, chances are that you use something similar to it.

Software Vulnerabilities

On top of that, software code is changing all the time. Sometimes fixes for one part of a large program can introduce problems into another part. Also, two independent pieces of software might be security bug-free, but when they are run on the same system, they might introduce a new problem. A quick survey of the software vulnerabilities on mailing lists such as BugTraq shows just how many defects are found and the wide range of products in which they are found.

Multidwelling Network Using Catalyst 2950 Switches

All ports on the residential Catalyst 2950 switches (and Catalyst 2912-LRE XL or 2924-LRE XL switches if they are included) are configured as 802.1Q trunks with protected port and STP root guard features enabled. The protected port feature provides security and isolation between ports on the switch, ensuring that subscribers cannot view packets destined for other subscribers. STP root guard prevents unauthorized devices from becoming the STP root switch. All ports have IGMP snooping or CGMP enabled for multicast traffic management. ACLs on the uplink ports to the aggregating Catalyst 3550 multilayer switches provide security and bandwidth management.

Frame Relay and ATM Internet Access

Because service providers can statistically multiplex data from multiple subscribers over a single link and then backhaul the data to an IP network, prices associated with Frame Relay and ATM Internet access services are usually much lower than dedicated access. Figure 2-2 illustrates a typical Frame Relay Internet access model.

Single Homed Autonomous System

Figure 2-10 shows a subscriber attached by a single connection to an ISP. BGP, or any other type of routing protocol, is unnecessary in this topology. If the single link fails, no routing decision needs to be made, because no alternative route exists. A routing protocol accomplishes nothing. In this topology, the subscriber adds a static default route to the border router and redistributes the route into his AS. The ISP similarly adds a static route pointing to the subscriber's address range and advertises that route into its AS. Of course, if the subscriber's address space is a part of the ISP's larger address space, the route advertised by the ISP's router goes no farther than the ISP's own AS. The rest of the world reaches the subscriber by routing to the ISP's advertised address space, and the more-specific route to the subscriber is picked up only within the ISP's AS. The routes you advertise in each direction influence the traffic separately. Avi Freedman, who has written many...

Multihoming to Multiple Autonomous Systems

Figure 2-14 shows a topology in which a subscriber has homed to more than one service provider. In addition to the advantages of multihoming already described, this subscriber is protected from losing Internet connectivity as the result of a single ISP failure. For a small corporation or a small ISP, there are substantial obstacles to multihoming to multiple service providers. You already have seen the problems involved if the subscriber's address space is a part of one of the service providers' larger address space Both providers must be willing to closely coordinate the advertisement of the subscriber's address space. If the subscriber's address space is smaller than a 19 (which a small subscriber's space is likely to be), some backbone providers might not accept the route. The subscriber in Figure 2-14 could still forego BGP. One option is to use one ISP as a primary Internet connection and the other as a backup only another option is to default route to both providers and let the...

Digital Signals over Radio Waves

- Downstream Headend-to-subscriber has 810 MHz of RF bandwidth. - Upstream Subscriber-to-headend has 37 MHz of RF bandwidth. - Downstream Headend-to-subscriber has 810 MHz of RF bandwidth. - Upstream Subscriber-to-headend has 37 MHz of RF bandwidth. The cable TV industry uses the RF portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Within the cable, different frequencies are used to carry TV channels and data. At the subscriber end, equipment such as TVs, VCRs, and High Definition TV set-top boxes tune to certain frequencies that allow you to view the TV channel or, using a cable modem, to receive high-speed Internet access. Downstream Transmitting the signals from the cable operator to the subscriber, the outgoing frequencies are in the 50-to-860 MHz range. Upstream Transmitting the signals in the reverse path from the subscriber to the cable operator, the incoming frequencies are in the 5-to-42 MHz range.

Effects of CIDRization

Even though the introduction of CIDR did have an effect, it did not have as long term an effect as many providers and industry observers hoped it would. The linear growth rate was still fairly steep. Some operators on the Internet began to feel that the real problem was lazy ISPs that either did not care or did not know how to do proper aggregation. Two approaches were tried to encourage ISPs to do the right thing. The first approach was to post of the Internet CIDR Report to the core operational mailing lists weekly. The second approach was to implement filters on The CIDR Report from Tony Bates (tbates cisco.com) is a weekly analysis of the rate of growth of the Internet Route Table. The report, sent to all the major operations' mailing lists, provides the name of ISPs injecting the most prefixes, aggregated and unaggregated. Everyone saw who was causing the growth and then could apply peer pressure to have the corrections made. Figure 4-10 (the up-to-date version of this graph can...

Securing Public Servers

E-mail servers have long been a source for intruder break-ins, probably because email protocols and implementations have been around a long time and hackers can easily understand them. Also, by its very nature, an e-mail server must allow outsider access. To secure e-mail servers, network administrators should keep current on well-known bugs and security leaks by subscribing to mailing lists dedicated to security information.

Management Problems Will Continue

What would help even more is the configuration of more secure defaults into all networked devices. Great strides have been made in making network systems (particularly user PCs) easy to configure. With this ease of configuration, it should be easier for software vendors to ship systems in a more secure state by default. Because configuration is not difficult, the user experience should not be significantly affected. In addition to more secure defaults, vendors must invest in more security testing. I long for a day when old problems such as buffer overflows (Chapter 3, Secure Networking Threats) are no longer a common sighting on security vulnerability mailing lists.

Analyzing Delay and Response Time

Incompatibilities with operating systems or hardware. By joining mailing lists and newsgroups and reading information in journals and on the World Wide Web, you can learn about causes of response-time problems. Be sure to do some testing on your own also, though, because every environment is different.

Keeping Software Upto Date

It's quite common for operations staff to subscribe the ISP to the CERT advisory mailing list here all advisories about known security problems with software on UNIX- and Windows-based operating systems are announced. Cisco also makes use of the CERT advisory process to announce details of any security problems discovered with the IOS Software. Paying attention to the advisories is a very prudent thing to do People who want to attack systems or ISP networks also pay attention to the CERT advisory list and often attempt to exploit a newly announced security bug in hopes of gaining access to a system or a network. When a problem is announced on the CERT list, ISPs are strongly encouraged to upgrade the affected software (note that a CERT advisory generally is not made until there is a patch or a workaround from the vendor involved).

Define Signature Parameters

After selecting a signature engine, you need to decide which values you will use for all of the required parameters as well as determine which optional parameters you need to configure to match the intrusive traffic that you want to detect. When defining parameters, try to consider situations in which the new signature may accidentally alarm on normal user activity. For instance, suppose that you create a signature to detect spam e-mail messages by looking for e-mail messages addressed to a large number of recipients. Certain mailing list programs generate mail messages that have many recipients as well these messages should not be considered spam. Minimizing false positives is a key consideration when you develop custom signatures.

Firewall Specific Information

Your Firewall Rulebase .html Usenet Firewall Newsgroup, comp.security.firewalls Firewalls Mailing List, http www.isc.org ops lists firewalls Firewall Wizards Mailing List, PhoneBoy CheckPoint Information Portal, http www.phoneboy.com Firewall and Security Portal, http searchsecurity.techtarget.com

Reporting and Alerting Procedures

Who to alert largely depends on the scope and impact of the incident. Because of the widespread use of worldwide networks, most incidents are not restricted to a single site. In some cases, vulnerabilities apply to several million systems, and many vulnerabilities are exploited within the network itself. Therefore, it is vital that all sites with involved parties be informed as soon as possible. The incident response team should be able to quickly reach all users by sending to a central mailing list or, alternatively, sending telephone voice mailbox messages or management points-of-contact lists.

What Other ISPs Are Doing

Here are just a few examples of what ISPs from all over the Internet are using to manage their network. Randy Bush (randy psg.corr) asked major ISPs in the United States on the NANOG mailing list what they used for traffic analysis. His summary follows. Notice especially the number of UNIX script-based tools. Readers can find more information by looking at the NANOG mailing list archives at www.nanog.org.

How Natpat Enhance Security

Even though NAT and PAT are used, some addressing information might still leak out of the inside network. Addresses embedded in email messages (the list of servers a message has passed through), or inside SNMP, are often not translated and might reveal internal addressing information and network structure to an attacker.

Creation update and deletion flows from Bridge to Cisco Unity

Bridge subscribers, like Internet, AMIS, and VPIM subscribers, are Cisco Unity subscribers with no mailbox storage on the Exchange mail store. They are a representation on the Cisco Unity system of subscribers on the Octel system. Before creating any Bridge subscribers, you must first create the Bridge delivery locations corresponding to the Octel node on which their mailbox resides. Bridge subscribers can be created in a number of ways. They can be created automatically through usage-based NameNet emulation, permanently on the Unity Bridge, or manually in Cisco Unity. When entries are created, updated, or deleted via NameNet emulation or permanently at the Bridge, that information flows from the Bridge to Cisco Unity.

Data Cable Technology Issues

The data cable technology issues relate to the fact that subscribers in a certain service area share a coaxial cable line. Bandwidth available to a subscriber may vary based on how many subscribers use the service at the same time. The cable operator can resolve this issue by adding RF channels and splitting the service area into multiple smaller areas. This topic describes the steps that provision a cable modem to work in a SOHO of a subscriber using TCP IP.

VPIM Message Addressing

* VPIM subscribers Blind addressing Blind addressing allows Cisco Unity to send messages without having specific information about the recipients on the remote voice messaging system (such as their names and mailbox numbers). It is one of the methods that Cisco Unity provides for addressing VPIM messages to users of another voice messaging system. To address a message to someone on another voice messaging system, subscribers enter the delivery location Dial ID and the remote mailbox number of the recipient. Dial ID A unique number that identifies the location to Cisco Unity. This is the number that subscribers dial when blind addressing messages to individuals who use the remote voice messaging system. When blind addressing a message, subscribers dial a number that is made up of the delivery location Dial ID and the mailbox number of the recipient. Before addressing the message, Cisco Unity parses the number that the subscriber entered and searches for a matching delivery location. If...

AMIS Message Addressing

* AMIS subscribers Blind addressing Allows Cisco Unity subscribers to send messages to subscribers on the remote voice messaging system, even though the recipient mailbox number, name, and recorded name are not in the directory. Although Cisco Unity cannot provide voice name confirmation (therefore the term blind addressing), the message is addressed and sent. AMIS subscribers Allow Cisco Unity subscribers to get voice name confirmation when addressing messages to subscribers on the remote voice messaging system. AMIS subscribers are a representation in Cisco Unity of the subscribers on the remote messaging system. AMIS subscribers are created in Cisco Unity to enable Cisco Unity subscribers to find them in the directory and send them messages as they would with any other subscriber. Subscribers can use the Cisco Unity phone conversation, also known as the Telephone User Interface (TUI), ViewMail for Microsoft Outlook, or the Cisco Unity Inbox to reply to and forward AMIS messages,...

SMTP Message Addressing

* Internet subscribers Cisco Unity provides the following two methods for addressing messages to subscribers and to others who do not have mailboxes on the local Exchange network Blind addressing Allows subscribers on the local Cisco Unity server to send messages to subscribers on a remote Cisco Unity server, even though the recipient extension, name, and recorded name are not in the directory. Even though Cisco Unity cannot provide voice name confirmation (thus the term blind addressing), the message is addressed and sent. The subscribers on the remote Cisco Unity server receive voice messages. Internet subscribers Allows messaging to recipients on computers that may or may not be using Cisco Unity. Subscribers on the local Cisco Unity server address messages to Internet subscribers the same way that they address messages to regular subscribers by extension or spelled name. This topic describes options available and setup procedures for Internet subscribers.

Limitations and Advantages

A CMTS has a fixed number of slots (1000), meaning that there is a limit on how many subscribers can access the service with a particular CMTS. With relatively few subscribers, each user enjoys greater throughput than when the number of subscribers reaches its maximum, and each user is assigned a single pair of channels. Cable is not distance-sensitive, though, and the signal can be amplified if needed. There is also an issue with cable not being available to all homes. You usually can take a phone line for granted at a home, but that is not the case with cable.

Public Distribution Lists

A public distribution list is a collection of subscribers that is available to all Cisco Unity Express subscribers to use as a distribution list. For example, a public distribution list called everyone is created upon Cisco Unity Express installation. This public distribution list contains all Cisco Unity Express subscribers. Once a message is addressed to this public distribution list, all subscribers defined in Cisco Unity Express will be able to access the message. A public distribution list can be created by any subscriber. For example, suppose John Smith needs a way to send a voice mail to all members in the customer services group. John can create a public distribution list named Customer Service that includes each desired member of the customer service group. Because this distribution list is a pubic list, any subscriber defined in Cisco Unity Express can address a message to this list.

Components of Interoperability

* Locations and external subscribers Locations and external subscribers For all networking options except digital networking, you may need to create external subscribers (that is, Internet, Audio Messaging Interchange Specification AMIS , Bridge, or Voice Profile for Internet Mail VPIM subscribers). The messages for external subscribers are stored externally to the Cisco Unity voice message store. When creating external subscribers, you supply addressing information so that Cisco Unity can send messages to them. For example, when creating an Internet subscriber, you supply the subscriber e-mail address messages are sent to that email address instead of to an Exchange mailbox on the local network.

Static Configuration Data

Static configuration data is created as part of the configuration of the CUCM cluster. Read write access to this data is provided for the publisher only. Subscribers provide only readonly access to this data. If the publisher becomes unavailable, the subscriber data can be used to process calls, but it cannot be modified. Database replication is unidirectional, from the publisher to the subscribers. Only CDRs and CMRs are replicated from the subscriber servers to the publisher. All other configuration information is downloaded from the publisher.

What causes MWIs to turn on and off

An MWI is a lamp, a flashing liquid crystal display (LCD) panel, or a special dial tone on subscriber phones that lets subscribers know a voice message is waiting. The type of indicator depends on the phone system and the phones that subscribers use. An MWI is not the same as a message notification, which is the feature that notifies a subscriber of new voice messages by calling a phone or pager, or by sending an e-mail message.

Ethernet Service Att ributes and P arameters

The MEF has developed ar Ethernet services framework to help subscribers ard service providers have a common nomenclature wher talking about the different service types ard their attributes. For each of the two service types, ELS ard E-LAN, the MEF has defined the following service attributes ard their corresponding parameters that define the capabilities of the service type

MPLS Class of Service MPLSCoS

MPLS provides an immediate benefit to network service providers in its support for differentiated services (DiffServ). The differentiated services model defines a variety of mechanisms for classifying traffic into a small number of service classes. With DiffServ, subscribers are motivated to use the Internet as a public transport network for applications ranging from traditional file transfer to delay-sensitive services such as voice and video. To meet customer requirements, network service providers are adopting both MPLS-TE (Traffic Engineering) and CoS technologies.

Plain Old Telephone Service

POTS evolved internationally to include the 911 emergency number service and operator services. The following additional features and services are now almost universally available to POTS subscribers Call forwarding Enables calls to follow as the subscriber moves from one location to another Call waiting Indicates an incoming call when the subscriber is already involved in a call Three-way calling Enables subscribers to conference a third party in on a conversation Speed dialing Provides a convenient way for subscribers to store frequently used numbers Added number Enables subscribers to add a second line that they can identify by a distinctive ring and call-waiting tones

Public Carrier Provided Networks

In public carrier-provided Frame Relay networks, the Frame Relay switching equipment is located in the central offices of a telecommunications carrier. Subscribers are charged based on their network use but are relieved from administering and maintaining the Frame Relay network equipment and service.

Advanced Settings Tool

Administration - Full synchronization of Bridge subscribers with Octel node direclc Administration - Make creation of NT accounts optional Administration - Set Prefix lor TRAP dials Administration - Set the minimum extension length for locations Administration - Set the number of AA sessions allowed Administration Show hidden subscribers Audio - AGC Adjust volume target level foi new recordings Audio - AGC Gain Threshold Audio - AGC Minimum dB threshold Audio - AGC sample size Audio - Enable G72S codec support Audio Set WoveGoin dB adjustment value for playback Audio - Set WaveGain dB adjustment value foi recordings Conversation - Add dual name confirmation Conversation - Confirm Delete When Deleting a New or Saved Message Conversation - Directory List Selection Style Conversation - Disable Identified Subscriber Messaging system wide Conversation - Do not replay message summary Conversation - Exclude all receipts from voice mail stack (Exchange only) Conversation - Exclude return...

Integrated Services Digital Network

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) provides the set of digital data and voice services available from today's PSTN. The ISDN network is constructed of standards-based interfaces, protocols, and feature sets. This enables subscribers to connect vendor-compliant devices, which interoperate and provide access to features. ISDN services are made available by ISDN-provisioned exchanges. You also can extend these services through the PSTN network using SS7 and Primary Rate Interface (PRI) trunks. In the case of SS7, ISDN Q.931 messages are mapped into the ISDN User Part (ISUP) and vice versa. The two methods for accessing ISDN, which are discussed in more detail in Chapter 3, Basic Telephony Signaling, are

Central office See CO

California Education and Research Federation Network. A TCP IP network, based in Southern California, that connects hundreds of higher-education centers internationally while also providing Internet access to subscribers. CERFnet was founded in 1988 by the San Diego Supercomputer Center and General Atomics, and is funded by the NSF.

Digital Speech Interpolation

Mean Opinion Scoring (MOS) is a subjective method of grading telephone voice quality. The MOS is a statistical measurement of voice quality derived from a large number of subscribers judging the quality of the connection. The grading scale is 1 to 5, with 5 being excellent and 1 being unsatisfactory.

System and Hardware Components

The Cisco 6160 can be operated as a carrier class DSLAM with ADSL, SDSL, and Integrated Services Digital Network DSL (IDSL) interfaces. The Cisco 6160 is intended for use in North American central office facilities. The Cisco 6160 DSLAM can support up to 256 subscribers and concentrate traffic onto a single high-speed WAN trunk.

Facilitating and Stimulating Growth

The Internet's rapid adoption provides the service providers with a tremendous source of business growth. Internet access is no longer a luxury but a commodity in most household service portfolios. Figure 3-4 shows the growth from 2002 to 2007 in the number of high-speed access subscribers per 100 inhabitants of the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).26 Subscribers 100 Inhabitants

Network and IT Profile

In terms of the number of IP devices, Comcast operates one of the largest infrastructures in the world. Comcast's infrastructure is made out of at least 21 converged regional-area networks (CRAN) that provide cable TV and IP services to the subscribers in a market or a region. The CRANs are connected by a

Cable Technology Issues

The primary drawback for cable networks is the fact that the data services are using a shared infrastructure. That is, all of the subscribers on a cable carrier's network are essentially competing for scarce resources (in this case bandwidth). These issues are readily resolved by the cable carrier by limiting subscribers or by expanding available data channels. DOCSIS 3.0 has addressed this issue significantly as well with the concept of channel bonding. However, it is unclear how much time will pass before full adoption and deployment of the 3.0 capabilities. As with any technology, oversubscription of a CMTS is a potential issue. This is a factor well out of control of the subscriber. Fortunately, the technological advances within DOCSIS are providing innovation with minimal incremental hardware costs. They are finding new ways to utilize the same resources more effectively. Many of the support issues that arise surrounding cable installations end up having to do with the manner in...

Intelligent Network IN

The purpose of the IN infrastructure is to provide a suite of services to subscribers that are inherently not provided by the SS7 network. This list also includes services that are provided to the network operator. A distributed service architecture allows service providers to support a wider range of services and to deploy them to a larger subscriber base. Without this architecture, subscribers are limited to the services that their SSP was able to provide. These services can be erratic offerings, and the cost of scaling is high. IN created a model that allowed for the delivery of services and call routing assistance in a distributed manner. The development of an IN infrastructure was a difficult task by itself. A set of standards had to be created that remained vendor independent and that allowed different vendors to interoperate with the same IN equipment. These standards also had to allow changes to the vendor equipment without interrupting the subscriber services.

Live Reply and Live Record

The live reply feature allows a subscriber to use the received caller identification number (Automatic Number Identification ANI ) and place a phone call to that caller during voice-mail message playback. For example, assume that John Smith receives a voice mail from his business associate Bill at 404-555-1212. During the call, John decides to invoke the live reply feature and call Bill back. The live reply feature will use Bill's ANI or originating number (404-555-1212) and generate a call to this number, ringing Bill's phone. The live record feature enables a subscriber to record a live call and have that call delivered into the subscriber's mailbox. For example, John calls Bill and decides that he needs to record this conversation. John can invoke the live record feature and his conversation with Bill will be stored in John's mailbox. Once the message has been delivered to the mailbox, it can be played, replayed, saved, or forwarded to any subscriber or group of subscribers.

Figure 41 Docsis Protocol Stack

Figure 4-2 illustrates a typical CATV and two-way data network. The Hybrid Fiber Coax (HFC) portion refers to any configuration of fiber optic and coaxial cable that id used ro distribute 8roadkand communiaations such as voice, video, amd data. The Hrm networt connecls fupscribers to the cable h eadend ayd video flows a s analog radio treoue ncy or optical signals i Optical fiber Orings the signal srom the headeng fo fiber codes that serve 500 to 200k homes. Hber optic is used because it hau ldwer signal power loss ant is less snsceptieie to noisk tomoared to coaxial cable fo, long distanceOi Fiber node tonvarts optical signals from fiber to electrical signals on 75-ohm coaxial cable. 001x1 1 cable has highe, slgnal power loss than fiber, but it is a mgre cost-effective way to reach subscribers.

ROI for Services Supported by IPv6

Based on a presentation delivered by Comcast's Brian Field at the University of Pennsylvania in November 2005, at the time there were 17.7 million subscribers, with the user distribution per converged regional-area network (CRAN) shown here Four regions 1.5 million subscribers Three regions 1 to 1.5 million subscribers Nine regions 0.5 million subscribers Five regions Less than 0.5 million subscribers Assuming that in 2005 Comcast deployed the Cisco Network Registrar tool for provisioning services, the licensing costs (list price) would be 1,625,000 for supporting 5 million subscribers, 500,000 for 1 million subscribers, and 175,000 for 250,000 subscribers.

Database Access Control

The procedure to allow new subscribers to access the database on the publisher is as follows Step 1 Add the subscriber to the publisher database using CUCM Administration. Step 2 During installation of the subscriber, enter the same database security password that was entered during installation of the publisher. After this configuration, the following process occurs to replicate the database from the publisher to the newly added subscriber 1. The subscriber attempts to establish a connection to the publisher database using the database management channel. 2. The publisher verifies the subscriber's authenticity and adds the subscriber's IP address to its dynamic firewall (iptables). 3. The subscriber is allowed to access the publisher database. 4. The database content is replicated from the publisher to the subscriber. Figure 1-6 illustrates the iptables firewall allowing subscriber access to the publisher database.

X25 Devices and Protocol Operation

X.25 network devices fall into three general categories data terminal equipment (DTE), data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE), and packet-switching exchange (PSE). Data terminal equipment devices are end systems that communicate across the X.25 network. They are usually terminals, person al computers, or network hosts, and are located on the premises of individual subscribers. DCE devices are communications devices, such as modems and packet switches, tltat provide the interface between DTE devices and a PSE, and are generally located in the cameo' s facilisies. PSEs are switches that compose the bulk of the carrier's network. They transfer data from one DTE device to another through the X.25 PSN. Figure 17-1 illustrates thc relationships among the three types of X.25 network devices.

Configuring and Troubleshooting Border Gateway Protocol

Many newcomers to BGP approach the protocol with trepidation. The source of this sentiment is the fact that BGP implementations are much more rare than IGP implementations. Outside of ISPs, most network administrators deal with BGP far less than with IGPs, if at all. Even when BGP is used, the configurations in small ISPs and non-ISP subscribers are usually pretty basic. Because most networking professionals lack in-depth experience with the protocol, it is often viewed as mysterious or intimidating.

Service Provider Portability

The FCC First Report and Order (96-286) required all LECs to begin a phased deployment of service provider LNP in the 100 largest Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) no later than October 1, 1997, and to complete deployment in those MSAs by December 31, 1998. Service provider portability allows subscribers to keep their existing telephone number (for incoming calls, outgoing caller identification, and billing) when changing to a different telephone company. At this time, service provider portability is the only method that has been mandated by the FCC.

The Future of Cable IP Networks

Several years ago the cable industry began to convert its networks to a digital infrastructure. Although television sets and set-top boxes often required an analog signal, broadcast video was distributed between headends and hubs in digital format by using a digitally modulated carrier. This increased the ability of the MSO to transmit broadcast video signals long distances between hubs with minimal loss and overall reduced operating expense. Digital televisions and set-top boxes became common at subscriber sites and much television content is now distributed to the subscriber in digital format. Cable modems, too, have become commonplace. As part of the widespread adoption of broadband access technologies, cable modems have enjoyed a high degree of popularity among subscribers. As the growth of high-speed access media accelerates, DOCSIS-based cable modem deployments will continue to be successful. The next challenge for MSOs will be to further consolidate their networks to a single...

Dial by Name and Dial by Extension

When a caller is redirected to the AA, they are given the option to be transferred to a subscriber. To identify the desired subscriber, the caller can choose to spell the subscriber's name or enter the subscriber's extension. With the spell-by-name function, the administrator has the option to require callers to use either last name first or first name first. For example, a search for John Smith using the last-name-first configuration would result in the caller entering Smith John on the phone keypad, while the first-name-first configuration would require the caller to enter John Smith. This configuration is global, meaning that every caller must use the same method of spell by name. Typically, only a few letters need to be dialed in order to eliminate other candidate subscribers and transfer the caller to John Smith. The number of letters required depends on the number of subscriber matches that exist in Cisco Unity Express.

GTP Inspection Overview

GPRS provides uninterrupted connectivity for mobile subscribers between GSM networks and corporate networks or the Internet. The GGSN is the interface between the GPRS wireless data network and other networks. The SGSN performs mobility, data session management, and data compression (See Figure 25-3).

Multi Tenancy with Unity

When the Call Manager has an overlapping dial plan there is a need to create Unity subscribers which do NOT match the DN of the subscriber line in Call Manager since Unity has no concept of partitions and calling search spaces. Unity is configured with two subscriber accounts customer A partition phone with DN 2001 has a corresponding Unity Subscriber account with DN 2001. Customer B partition phone with DN 2001 has a corresponding Unity subscriber account with DN 22001. This configuration is fine for Customer A but the scenario above poses two problems for customer B- how does Unity know to play the subscriber greeting of '22001' when a call is redirected to Unity in a Call Forward No Answer from '2001' And how does Unity turn MWI on off for 2001 when it thinks the DN of the relevant phone is '22001'

Layer 1 and Layer 2 between the Home and the Head

Downstream data uses standards that are consistent with some of the standards for sending digital video over cable. In fact, you can think of the downstream data as being sent over another TV channel. For downstream data, the data over cable standards takes advantage of the fact that the signals are broadcast to all subscribers in a section of the cable plant. Just like the TV channels' signals go to every home, the signals for the downstream data go to every home. In many ways, the concepts are similar to an Ethernet broadcast domain When a broadcast Ethernet frame is sent, everyone in the broadcast domain receives the frame. With downstream cable transmissions, not just broadcast frames, but all data, is broadcast to all receivers. Yes, the data that you receive over the web actually could be captured with a network analysis tool by one of your neighbors. The upstream data channel uses a totally separate frequency range than the downstream channel, so no collisions occur between...

Radio Frequency Signals

In cable systems, a similar concept is applied. Rather than being transmitted over the air, the signals are sent across the cable provider's HFC to the subscriber. Televisions (high-definition or The cable network is able to transmit upstream and downstream simultaneously. For downstream signals, those directed toward subscribers, the frequency range includes 50 to 860 MHz. Alternately, upstream signals, those directed away from subscribers, utilize the range of 5 to 42 MHz.

The Development of Frame Relay

Both X.25 and Frame Relay, but especially Frame Relay, combat the inefficiencies of running data over circuits that employ TDM, as described in Chapter 5, T1 Technology and Chapter 6, E1, R2, and Japanese Carrier Technology. TDM displays characteristics that are particularly optimal for delay-sensitive applications, such as voice. This stems from the fact that the physical circuit is dedicated to the user (subscriber) of that circuit, even when there is no traffic present on the circuit. Because of the bursty nature of data, it is exceedingly more efficient to allow multiple subscribers to use the same physical circuit. Packet switching allows this sharing to occur through a technique known as statistical TDM (STDM). Covered in more detail later in this chapter, virtual-circuit multiplexing is a benefit of Frame Relay, which allows physical circuits to be optimized, from the perspective of the service provider. In simple terms, in TDM circuits any bandwidth that normally goes unused...

DSL Variants Examples

ADSL is designed to deliver more bandwidth downstream than upstream, and supports data and voice simultaneously over existing copper lines. ADSL is oriented towards residential subscribers, where usually more bandwidth is required in the downstream for applications such as downloading music, movies, playing online games, surfing the Internet, or receiving e-mail with large attachments. The downstream rate ranges from 256 kbps to 8 Mbps, while upstream speed can reach 1 Mbps.

Foundation Summary

Cable architecture will continue to evolve and grow to add more applications and services. Subscriber demand will drive the speed of that evolution. The needs of the teleworker will be no small part of that drive. The term cable refers to the coaxial cable predominantly used in the cable provider's network. The cable system architecture provides a broadcast or shared media access method to subscribers. Table 3-3 lists the components in a cable system. Facility where signals are received, processed, formatted, and combined Transmits cable signal via distribution network to subscriber drops Subscriber drop Devices and components used to connect the subscriber home to the distribution network (for example, taps, splitters, and cable modem) DOCSIS provides the specification for data over cable. It is the data service interface standard for data carried over RF interfaces. DOCSIS also dictates the process by which CMs are provisioned. The DOCSIS CMTS uses differing channels to communicate...

Service Provider Challenge

The service providers of today are faced with many new challenges. The way a user is configured or provisioned for dialup access is most likely different than the way a user would be configured or provisioned for Digital Subscriber Line (DSL). AAA can support these differences using the Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) protocol. A popular service today that you see frequently is the wireless hot spot. Many companies place a wireless hot spot in places of business, airports, hotels, and coffee houses. Agreements are made between service providers, and as a benefit to their subscribers, you can use a hot spot in an airport. Take a look at an example. If you, as a subscriber to Verizon DSL service, for example, were to try to use a hot spot that was owned by another service provider, you would need some way to identify to the owner of the hot spot that you are part of an agreement that allows you to use it. When you connect, you are asked to provide your authentication...

Requirements for Cable Plant Quality

Operating near minimal DOCSIS settings can provide satisfactory service to data-only subscribers other service and technologies might be less tolerant. Voice services, because of their extensive availability and quality of service (QoS) requirements, require the cable operator to design to superior standards. Specifically, when deploying voice services the cable plant should meet full DOCSIS specifications as listed in Table 13-2. In many cases, the operator might want to design to even better plant quality to add a safety margin or buffer in case of partial plant failure.

Activity Procedure

Step 8 Click Subscribers, and click the Add icon. Step 11 Choose the Default Administrator subscriber template. Step 13 On the Profile page record the user's name. Uncheck Set subscriber for self-enrollment at next login. Step 16 Click Call Transfer, select Yes, ring subscriber's extension. Click the Save icon.

Benefits of Cable Modem Services

The most significant benefit of cable is the enormous bandwidth that can be shared between many users. Active subscribers that are connected to a given cable network segment typically include 500 to 2000 homes on a modern HFC network. An individual cable subscriber can easily use bandwidth up to 10 Mbps downstream. FCC regulations have restricted the bandwidth to between 5 to 50 MHz for interactive services only.

Message Notifications User Level

At the user level, Cisco Unity Express can be configured to call a phone number or send an e-mail to alert the subscriber of the received message. Each subscriber mailbox supports six device types that can be called or e-mailed in this event. For the destination types of phone number, the subscriber may enter a number to be dialed as well as any extra digits that need to be dialed after the phone number. Extra digits can be 0 through 9, with * inserting a 1-second pause. For the destination types of e-mail address, the subscriber may enter a valid e-mail address and a customized line of text. Regardless of the destination type, the subscriber has the option to generate an alert for all messages or for urgent messages only. The subscriber can also specify the day and time that a notification will be generated. For example, John Smith can configure his message notification option to call his cell phone for any message received Monday through Friday from 8 a.m. to 5 30 p.m., while Jane...

Using MVR in a Multicast Television Application

In a multicast television application, a PC or a television with a set-top box can receive the multicast stream. Multiple set-top boxes or PCs can be connected to one subscriber port, which is a switch port configured as an MVR receiver port. Refer to Figure 16-3. DHCP assigns an IP address to the set-top box or the PC. When a subscriber selects a channel, the set-top box or PC sends an IGMP report to the S1 switch to join the appropriate multicast. If the IGMP report matches one of the configured multicast MAC addresses, the switch CPU modifies the hardware address table to include this receiver port and VLAN as a forwarding destination of the specified multicast stream when it is received from the multicast VLAN. Uplink ports that send and receive multicast data to and from the multicast VLAN are called MVR source ports. When a subscriber changes channels or turns off the television, the set-top box sends an IGMP leave message for the multicast stream. The switch CPU sends an IGMP...

MPLS Multicast VPN Applications and Examples

As these networks have grown from four-wire party lines to global conferencing networks, the sophistication and complexity have increased dramatically. Hoot 'n' holler has proven to be the most cost-effective application for disseminating information across a company in real time. Other applications for MVPN include e-learning via IPTV, videostreaming, and music on hold for IP telephony. Figures 10-6 and 10-7 provide an overview of MVPN-enabled services and the use of multicast for IPTV. In Figure 10-7, we assume 30,000 additional ADSL subscribers per month this assumption can be used for both retail and wholesale service offerings. Dynamic multicast construct is linked to channel surfing or zap time sequences.

The Management Network

Now we understand that managers and agents refer to different roles in which management systems and network elements communicate with each other for management purposes. But how do they communicate The answer is, over a network, of course. At the end of the day, network management is just another distributed application. The different systems that need to communicate in this case just happen to involve management systems and the network elements that they manage. Managing systems and managed systems need to be interconnected. The network that provides this interconnection is referred to as the management network. In contrast, when referring to the network that carries the traffic of subscribers and end users, we use the term production network.

Case Study Private AS Numbers

Private AS numbers also exist, and like private IP addresses, they are designed to alleviate the depletion of public AS numbers. AS numbers 64512 to 65535 are reserved for private use. If a BGP-speaking subscriber is homed to a single ISP, the subscriber can and is encouraged to use a private AS number. For example, previous case studies have depicted the autonomous systems connected to router Colorado in Figure 3-26 as client autonomous systems of AS 100. AS 2000, connected across a NAP to AS 100, represents the public Internet. AS 100 might be an 1ST and the connected autonomous systems its subscribers, or AS 100 might be the publicly connected part of a large corporate internetwork, and the other autonomous systems its private divisions. Whatever the case, the five client autonomous systems in Figure 3-2(> are reachable only across the NAP and through AS 100. The only reason they have individual AS numbers is so that EBGP can be used to connect them to AS 100 AS 100 can advertise...

Enabling the Internet Connection

Packet-switched networks send data packets over different routes of a shared public network to reach the same destination. Instead of providing a dedicated communication path, the carrier provides a network to its subscribers and ensures that data received from one site exits toward another specific site. However, the route that the packets take to reach the destination site varies. When the packets reach their destination, it is the responsibility of the receiving protocol to ensure that they are reassembled in order. Digital Subscriber Line DSL technology is an always-on connection technology that uses existing twisted-pair telephone lines to transport high-bandwidth data and provides IP services to subscribers. A DSL modem converts an Ethernet signal from users to a DSL signal to the CO. Figure 5-9 shows an example of DSL connectivity from a remote site through a service provider. DSL technology allows a service provider to offer high-speed network services, up to and exceeding the...

Memory Tables Answer

Cisco Unity Express administrator A subscriber that is a member of the administrators group. Cisco Unity Express graphical user interface (GUI) Provides subscribers and administrators with a web interface to use and manage Cisco Unity Express features and functions. Cisco Unity Express password Used to authenticate subscribers via the GUI. Cisco Unity Express PIN Used to authenticate subscribers via the TUI. Cisco Unity Express subscriber A user account configured in Cisco Unity Express. Cisco Unity Express telephony user interface (TUI) Provides subscribers and administrators with a telephone interface to use and manage Cisco Unity Express features and functions. general delivery mailbox (GDM) A mailbox that is shared by a group of subscribers. integrated messaging Provides access to voice-mail message via an e-mail client and allows a subscriber to treat voice-mail messages similarly to e-mail messages. live record Enables a subscriber to record a live call and have that call...

BOWIEnet Multiservice Networks

BOWIE.net implemented the prepaid calling-card solution with minimal configuration changes and equipment additions. The biggest pieces it had to add were the servers that hosted the billing applications. BOWIE.net utilized its existing Remote Access Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) authentication servers and Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) servers for the implementation. It used the RADIUS servers for account-number and pin-number verification and the TFTP servers to store the prompts played to the subscribers when they enter the service. In addition, it used its existing AS5300s and 3640s for VoIP gateways and gatekeepers. 1. A subscriber purchases a prepaid calling card from BOWIE.net in 10 20 50 100 increments. The card is activated and the account and pin numbers are defined in the RADIUS server and billing system. 2. When a subscriber wants to place a call, he or she dials into BOWIE.net's VoIP network through a 1800 access number. 3. The AS5300 receives the call from the...

Modulation and Line Coding Techniques in Hybrid Networks

Protocols QAM 64 downstream with OFDM modulation and 16 QAM upstream modulation schemes, plus optional spatial antenna diversity for NLOS at both the HE or CPE. Also, a co-channel resolution capability is offered with Data-over-Cable Service Interface Specifications (DOCSIS) for subscriber management. Another solution involves using the licensed and license-free U-UNI spectrums with a fixed wireless solution and terrestrial OC-3 backbone. This alliance was announced by WiFi Metro, Inc. in April 2002. WiFi is a wireless ISP (WISP) that owns a network of over 50 wireless hotspot locations and Gatespeed Broadband, Inc. The wireless HotZone of WiFi Metro, which provides high-speed Internet access to subscribers within a fifteen-mile radius of a centralized Wireless Internet Point of Presence (WIPOP), is combined with the fixed wireless solution of GateSpeed. The 2.4-GHz licensed spectrum runs the IEEE 802.11 protocol. The 5.2-GHz license-free spectrum is used for U-NII, and these two...

Configuring PPPoE CPE

Next, configure the router to do NAT or PAT. NAT translates one internal address to one external one. PAT can translate multiple internal addresses to one external one. Most residential and SOHO subscribers use PAT. To configure it, identify the traffic that must be translated using an access list. Then tell the router to translate those IP addresses to the IP address of the dialer interface, and to overload that external IP address. The overload command causes the router to use PAT. Be

WAN Transport Technologies

A carrier establishes a connection in a TDM network by dedicating a channel for a specific connection. In contrast, packet-switched networks traditionally offer the service provider more flexibility and use network bandwidth more efficiently than TDM networks because the network resources are shared dynamically and subscribers are charged on the basis of their network use. However, because the industry is moving toward using broadband technologies such as Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), cable, and public wireless to IP security (IPsec) VPNs, ISDN presents an effective solution only for remote-user applications where broadband technologies are not available. The uBR is designed to be installed at a cable operator's headend facility or distribution hub and to function as the CMTS for subscriber-end devices. A data service is delivered to a subscriber through channels in a coaxial or optical fiber cable to a cable modem installed externally or internally to a subscriber's computer or...

Answers to Chapter 1 Review Questions

Incorrect. An SLC deploys copper pairs to multiple subscribers by using one or more high-bandwidth links as communication to the CO. b. Incorrect. An NID separates the telco's portion of the circuit from the subscriber's portion. a. Incorrect. The NID is an interface between the service provider and the subscriber.

Cable Modem Technology and CATV

CATV networks originated in the U.S. in the late 1940s as a way of distributing broadcast television channels to locations with poor reception. Antennas were placed on the top of tall hills or other high points and a cable connected homes to the antennas. Using cabled connections, individual homes received strong clear CATV reception. In the 1950s an estimated 14,000 individual homes were connected to a CATV network. Since that time, subscriber penetration has grown to an average of around 70 percent of all U.S. households with even higher penetrations in some locations. The U.S. CATV network passes nearly 97 percent of U.S. households. Outside of the U.S., CATV has also become an extremely popular mechanism for distributing television content. Recent improvements in CATV-based services such as pay-per-view, digital CATV, and cable modems have only served to prove the strength and flexibility of worldwide CATV networks. Since its inception, CATV has become a large-scale business and a...

Intersite Message Passing and Directory Replication in Exchange

After you set up your messaging connector(s), you set up the appropriate directory replication connectors based on your organization topology. Since the directory replication connector relies on a messaging connector to send its directory replication messages, it can only be set up after a messaging connector is installed. Directory replication between sites is scheduled to occur every three hours by default, but may be accelerated. Upon initial installation of the directory replication connector, directory replication occurs within a few minutes and typically does not need to be accelerated. After the initial replication, only changes are sent on subsequent updates of the directory. Once directory replication has completed, subscribers can address messages to anyone in the organization by accessing either the Cisco Unity telephone directory conversation or the Exchange-based global address list (GAL).

Reorder Tone Problems

Subscriber hears a reorder tone when answering a call from Cisco Unity. A possible cause for the problem of a subscriber hearing a reorder tone when answering a call from Cisco Unity is that the Rings to Wait settings are incorrect. Cisco Unity requires a minimum setting of three rings to wait to properly transfer a call. If the number of rings to wait is set to fewer than three, a subscriber may hear the reorder tone instead of the Cisco Unity conversation.

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