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All Internet traffic from all sites goes across the central site

Internet Traffic Flow in an MPLS VPN Backbone Internet traffic flow becomes a more serious issue in combined VPN and Internet backbones. The traffic flow issue becomes even more pronounced when the customer VPN (based on, for example, MPLS VPN services) and the Internet traffic share the same service provider backbone. In this case, the traffic from a customer site may have to traverse the service provider backbone as VPN traffic, and then return into the same backbone by the corporate firewall, ending up at a server very close to the original site. The link between the central site and the provider backbone has to be over-dimensioned, because it has to transport all of the customer Internet traffic. The provider backbone is overutilized, because the same traffic crosses the backbone twice, first as VPN traffic and then as Internet traffic (or vice versa).

Configuring Firewall Policies

In the second scenario, you might prefer to enforce a centralized firewall policy for personal firewalls on VPN client PCs. A common example would be to block Internet traffic to remote PCs in a group using split tunneling. This approach protects the PCs, and therefore the central site, from intrusions from the Internet while tunnels are established. This firewall scenario is called push policy or Central Protection Policy (CPP). On the security appliance, you create a set of traffic management rules to enforce on the VPN client, associate those rules with a filter, and designate that filter as the firewall policy. The security appliance pushes this policy down to the VPN client. The VPN client then in turn passes the policy to the local firewall, which enforces it.

Implementing a Cisco IOS Zone Based Firewall

This results in two flows (192.168.1.0 24 to any, 192.168.2.0 24 to any), and we can apply different inspection parameters to these flows to configure the different behaviors. Zone-based policy firewalls allow inside-to-Internet traffic (the source zone inside and the destination zone outside).

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Developing a Baseline of Network Performance

In addition to allocating sufficient time for a baseline analysis, it is also important to find a typical time period to do the analysis. A baseline of normal performance should not include nontypical problems caused by exceptionally large traffic loads. For example, at some companies, end-of-the quarter sales processing puts an abnormal load on the network. In a retail environment, network traffic can increase fivefold around Christmas time. Network traffic to a web server can unexpectedly increase tenfold if the website gets linked to other popular sites or listed in search engines.

Signature Definition File SDF

In the network topology shown in the figure, the branch offices are the best places to enable Cisco IOS IPS on both directions of the Internet-facing interface. A common scenario is when split tunneling is enabled while running VPN tunnels to the corporate network. Cisco recommends enabling Cisco IOS IPS on the Internet traffic to protect the network from attacks and exploits that might come into the branch office or telecommuter personal computers, which could in turn affect the corporate network.

Disables access to minor TCP services such as echo

Allow Internet traffic for ftp and ftp-data only from network 144.254.0.0 access-list 109 permit tcp 144.254.0.0 0.0.255.255 host 192.150.50.8 0.0.0.0 eq ftp allow Internet traffic for smtp and www server to specific servers access-list 109 permit tcp any host 192.150.50.9 0.0.0.0 eq http

Internet Extranet and MPLS Security

This necessitates stringent adherence to service provider security best practices to ensure the security and reliability of the backbone. In addition, you must address network design issues to guarantee that corporate (once private network) data is not adversely impacted by the vagaries of the Internet data flows. Of course, high volumes of corporate data (for instance, large image transfers or data backups) could also impact the infrastructure to an extent that Internet traffic suffers. However, Internet traffic is typically viewed as best effort traffic with little or no expected service levels, and as such, as long as user performance is not unduly hindered, this should not be a major issue. As the usage profiles of the Internet change to support traffic that has more stringent latency or jitter restrictions, more attention might be required with respect to general traffic performance.

Case Study 101 Answers

With a suitable PIX Security appliance model, VLANs can be trunked to the core switches. VLANs can then be used to separate the public zone (for public servers) and the E-commerce zone (the DMZ). The firewall also secures outbound Internet traffic from ACMC (providing Internet access for the main campus). 3. To secure the remote clinics, the Cisco IOS Firewall and Cisco IOS IPS features in the ISRs should be used. IPsec VPN acceleration can be used for high-performance secure connectivity on the backup links across the Internet. VPN split tunneling is used so that the remote Internet traffic does not have to go across an IPsec tunnel and then back out to the Internet from the main campus. Using NAC and Cisco Security Agents should be considered to increase security. URL filtering could improve security for remote users.

Advertising Aggregate and Selected More Specifics

The previous scenarios send the more-specific routes of AS 100 to AS 200 so that AS 200 can implement routing policy. That is, AS 200 uses the routes to set routing preferences for sending traffic to AS 100. AS 100 also can influence its incoming traffic by manipulating its outgoing advertisements. For example, advertising 192.168.193.0 24 over the Stowe Sugarbush link and not over the Mammoth Diamond link causes incoming traffic to use the Stowe Sugarbush link. An administrator might want to implement such a policy if the AS is geographically diverse. For instance, Stowe might be in Vermont and Mammoth in California. The administrator might want incoming traffic to use the ingress point closest to the destination, to minimize internal routing.

Configuration Exercises

3 Networks 192.168.1.0, 192.168.2.0, 192.168.3.0, 192.168.4.0, and 192.168.5.0 exisi within AS 2. The administrator of this AS wants the neighboring AS to prefer R5 when sending traffic to 192.168.1.0 and 192.168.3.0. The neighboring AS should prefer R6 when sending traffic to 192.168.2.0 and 192.168.4.0. In each case, the less-preferred link serves as a backup to the more-preferred link. 192.168.5.0 is a private network and must not be advertised to any EBGP peer. Modify the configurations written in Exercise 2 to implement this policy.

Inline Deep Packet Inspection

By definition, IDS and IPS solutions incorporate signatures that trigger based on information that is located throughout the packet. Inline deep-packet inspection refers to the ability to perform actual protocol analysis on network traffic. Many applications (including malicious programs) attempt to use open ports to pass information through access control lists on your network. Using inline deeppacket inspection enables you to enforce your security policy beyond basic port numbers. For instance, this functionality enables you to prevent attackers (and applications) from sending traffic to or from port 80 unless the traffic is legitimate HTTP traffic.

Documenting Traffic Flow on the Existing Network

Documenting traffic flow involves identifying and characterizing individual traffic flows between traffic sources and stores. Traffic flows have recently become a hot topic for discussion in the Internet community. A lot of progress is being made on defining flows, measuring flow behavior, and allowing an end station to specify performance requirements for flows.

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Using Dynamic ARP Inspection

Attackers can attempt to launch an attack by sending gratuitous ARP (GARP) replies. These GARP messages can tell network devices that the attacker's MAC address corresponds to specific IP addresses. For example, the attacker might be able to convince a PC that the attacker's MAC address is the MAC address of the PC's default gateway. As a result, the PC starts sending traffic to the attacker. The attacker captures the traffic and then forwards the traffic to the appropriate default gateway.

Three Interface Configuration with DMZ

ACL 112 permits internet traffic inspected by the firewall destined to the DMZ. ACL 121 corresponds to acl 112. it allows internet traffic inspected by the firewall to the server on the DMZ. ACL 121 is applied to inbound traffic on the outside interface (s0 0). ACL 121 corresponds to acl 112, it allows internet traffic inspected by the firewall to the server on the DMZ.

ISIS and Default Routes

The default-information originate command is used with level 2 routers for sending traffic to destinations not found in the local routing table. This command is used to send a default route in the backbone, and it creates an external entry into the L2 LSP. Unlike OSPF, this command does not require a default route to be present in the router that is originating the default route.

Source Trees vs Shared Trees

In multicast forwarding, the source is sending traffic to an arbitrary group of hosts that is represented by a multicast group address. The multicast router must determine which direction is the upstream direction (toward the source) and which one is the downstream direction (or directions). If there are multiple downstream paths, the router replicates the packet and forwards it down the appropriate downstream paths (best unicast route metric), which is not necessarily all paths.

Selective Packet Discard

Managing congestion when it occurs is always tricky. What works in some instances may not work in others. Moreover, most congestion-management techniques have very little or no intelligence about one of the most ubiquitous forms of Internet traffic TCP data flows. Congestion-avoidance algorithms introduce this intelligence.

Privatization of the Internet

Although commercial traffic was encouraged on the regional level, any traffic passing over the NSFNET backbone had to comply with the Acceptable Usage Policy (AUP). This included all connectivity obtained through any of the Big Four. The aim of this policy was to encourage the development of a national commercial Internet infrastructure, and it succeeded, with companies such as UUNET, PSI, and ANS providing commercial Internet services. As mentioned previously, in 1991 the Commercial Internet exchange (CIX) was established for the exchange of Internet traffic among commercial providers.

Case Study Answers Case Study 3 Medi Bill Services Inc

The only routed protocol necessary is IP because all of MediBill's applications, including PC network management, are IP-compliant. The client's only other type of traffic will be Internet traffic, which is also IP-based. Many companies are looking to simplify their network by standardizing to one protocol.

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The Differentiated Services IETF Working Group is defining relatively simple and coarse methods of providing differentiated classes of service for Internet traffic. Specifically, a small set of building blocks is defined that enables quality of service to be defined on a per-hop basis. This work is described in htt p www. ietf.org htm l.charte rs diffserv-ch a rter. html.

Split Tunneling Before and After

Split tunneling enables remote users to access Internet networks without requiring them to tunnel through the corporate network. Before split tunneling is enabled, all traffic originating from the Software Client is encrypted and routed through the secure tunnel. This traffic includes both secure and Internet browsing traffic. The secure traffic is terminated, while Internet traffic is routed back out to the Internet. A large percentage of the corporate backbone bandwidth is used for redirected web browsing traffic from remote users.

Technological Constraints

Recent technological developments are the reason that Internet traffic keeps increasing at a rapid pace. CPU processing speed takes approximately 18 months to double. The increase in Internet traffic and the inability of most organizations to augment capital equipment budgets to support these growth rates mean that CPU resources are a design constraint that you must address through network design and device configuration. Typically, the computation (processing) limitations that apply to network design are associated with processing routing-table calculations, encrypting and decrypting secured packets, accounting, enforcing access lists, or just forwarding packets.

Case Study A Network Merger

Figure 4-22 The Internet Access Router Does Not Have to Support NAT All Translations for Internet Traffic Are Performed by Cozumel and Guaymas Figure 4-22 The Internet Access Router Does Not Have to Support NAT All Translations for Internet Traffic Are Performed by Cozumel and Guaymas

Internet Access Through the Global Routing Table

An easy way to provide Internet access to CE routers is to have an interface from the PE to the CE router that is in the global routing space. The PE router has a VRF interface toward the CE router, but you can have a second interface that is not in a VRF toward the CE router. The routing on the CE router should then take care of sending the VPN traffic to the VRF interface and the Internet traffic to the interface in the global routing space on the PE router. The obvious disadvantage is that you need a second link between the PE and CE routers, using up an extra interface on both routers. To solve this, you can use subinterfaces when the Layer 2 encapsulation is Frame Relay or 802.1Q encapsulation. However, if the Layer 2 encapsulation does not allow subinterfaces, you can still use a workaround. A possible workaround might be sticking with just the VRF interface on the PE router and creating a GRE tunnel in the global routing space across that VRF interface.

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Internet Access Through a Central VRF Site

Instead of traffic from each VPN site being forwarded directly to the Internet gateway router, it is possible to forward all the Internet traffic from the VRF sites to the CE router(s) of a central VRF site in a VPN. The advantage is that security features such as firewall services or other services such as Network Address Translation (NAT) are implemented only once and centrally in the central VRF site. The Internet traffic between the VRF sites and the VRF central site is then forwarded across the regular VRF interfaces in the normal manner for MPLS VPN. Look at Figure 7-31 for the network in this scenario. This is most likely the preferred scenario for hub-and-spoke VPN networks anyway. Note that at the central VRF site, you can deploy a firewall to verify all Internet traffic.

Modular Policy Framework Overview

In the example in the figure, a network administrator identified five traffic flows Internet traffic system engineer remote VPN traffic executive remote VPN traffic and two site-to-site VPN tunnels, to site B and site C, with voice. After the traffic flows are identified, security policies are associated to each flow. The policy for traffic from the Internet is to perform deep packet inspection and inline intrusion prevention. The administrator will police the amount of bandwidth used by the system engineer and executive remote VPN traffic. For site-to-site traffic over a VPN, all voice connection traffic is given high-priority queuing. The last class is the default inspection class. All traffic is subject to the default inspection policy.

DHCP Snooping with Option

With Option 82 enabled, the DHCP server can use the extra information to assign IP addresses, perform access control, and set quality of service (QoS) and security policies (or other parameter-assignment policies) for each DHCP client. When the server returns a response, it also includes Option-82 information. Not all DHCP servers support Option 82, however. At the time of this writing, a Google search for DHCP server option 82 returned just a few hits, among which Cisco Network Registrar and Avaya's server figured. Moreover, the DHCP server developed by Internet Systems Consortium (ISC) can log Option 82, which is called agent.circuit-id.

Example 254 Natpat Configuration on the wow Router

O Internet traffic from the mountain router should use the high-spegd li nk thao ne h the plains routeO1 The final two route map instances are for Internet traffic. One instance will match traffic from the mountain router, 172.16.2.10, and set the IP default next hop to the plains router, 172.16.1.3. The other instance will match traffic from the island router, 172.16.2.5, and set the IP default next hop the swamp router, 172.16.1.4. Recall that the IP default next-hop address will be used when the router does not have the destination address of the packet in its forwarding route table.

Example 249 Frame Relay Configurations for the wow plains and swar Routers

Begin by configuring the EIGRP domain between all the routers, starting with the wow router. On t wow router, you need two network statements, one for network 172.16.0.0 and one for 192.168. This router also needs to generate a default route for Internet traffic. To generate a default route, configure a default static route to the address 206.191.241.41 with the command ip route 0.0.0.C 0.0.0.0 206.191.241.41. For the wow router to advertise this route, it needs to be redistributed i EIGRP.Example 2-50 lists the configuration of EIGRP on the wow router.

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Cable Access Technologies

Cable access is among the fastest growing technologies for home access to multiple services via a common connection. One connection to the cable company carries the television signal and Internet traffic. Most cable carriers are now getting into the voice market as well by providing voice services with unlimited long distance and other traditional services over the cable connection. The addition of teleworker functionality is a natural extension of this already multiservice connection technology.

Cisco IOS Firewall IDS Configuration

Because all Internet traffic comes through this connection onto the corporate network, the company has decided to configure intrusion detection on this router to provide a further layer of security against any external threats that exist. Figure 6-10 shows this simple network.

Maninthe Middle Attacks

So that you have a better understanding of a man-in-the-middle attack, I'll use Figure 2-5 to illustrate how this attack occurs. In this example, PeerA wants to send data to PeerB. PeerA does a DNS lookup for PeerB's address, shown in Step 1. However, the attacker also sees the DNS request and sends a reply back to PeerA before the DNS server has a chance, shown in Steps 2 and 3. The IP address that the attacker sends is the attacker's own IP address. PeerA knows no better and assumes that when it uses the IP address in the DNS reply that it is sending traffic to PeerB however, as shown in Step 4, the traffic actually is directed to the attacker.

Level of ISP Internet Access Redundancy

It's important to understand that peering and interconnection redundancy to other networks are usually provided on a global basis. In other words, if a connection to a provider becomes unavailable via the primary traffic exchange point, the next closest exchange point will be selected. The idea behind this is to not provision redundant capacity from the same location to another network, but to ensure that enough spare interconnection and backbone capacity exists to accommodate failures in one (or more) locations in the network. With this approach, provisioning more interconnection and NAP circuits in more geographically optimal locations can offset costs of the redundant connections, benefiting the network during both normal operation and failure scenarios by providing this redundancy on a global versus POP-by-POP basis. Figure 2-6 illustrates a less-than-optimal connectivity model, and 2-7 illustrates a redundant interconnection model.

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In addition, see the link from Ben (in the comments below) to Cisco's search engine. I, for one, was unaware of this resource but am happy to know that it exists. It also quite clearly answers the question in the title of this article. It appears that several other networking-related blogs, including Jeremy Stretch's Packet Life, are also indexed in Cisco's search engine.

Using BGP's MED to influence inbound routing

R1 (AS 65065) is our router and R2 and R3 (AS 65001) belong to our ISP. We're going to assume that the connection between R1 and R2 is a 1.544 Mbps and that the connection between R1 and R3 is 768 kbps. We would like AS 65001 to use the faster connection (R1-R2) when sending traffic to us, and only use the R1-R3 connection as a backup. The IP network 1.1.1.0 24 has been assigned to us, and we will advertise that into BGP on R1. We can see that R3 is taking the direct path to R1 and R2 is taking the path through R3. This is contrary to what we stated earlier, We would like AS 65001 to use the faster connection (R1-R2) when sending traffic to us . Let's look into manipulating the MED to achieve our desired result. Now we have an access list named BGP_NETWORKS that matches our 1.1.1.0 24 network. Next, we need to create a route-map that we can use to set the MED value, which is 0 by default.

Searching Documents

Searches can be performed on a single group of words or phrases. Groups of words must be seperated by a comma (,). This works similar to an AND function in the search engine. For example, let's say you type 7000,memory This will tell the search engine to look for the words 7000 AND memory , regardless of where they occur in a document. However, if you type 7000 memory This will be interpreted as a phrase. The search engine will then look for the phrase 7000 memory . If these words are contained in a document but do not appear together, the document will not be found in this type of search. The search engine can accept a rich set of commands, although in most cases, the examples provided above will suffice. The search engine will also accept boolean commands such as AND and OR. These must be enclosed in angle brackets For example 2500 RSRB The search engine can also interpret stemming. Stemming is defined by using a single quote.

Class Based Policing

Uses access list 101 to specify SNMP, DNS, DHCP, syslog, and TFTP traffic. Class user-traffic uses a specify NetBIOS and Telnet traffic as user traffic. And class internet uses access list 103 to define H passive FTP traffic to host 10.1.1.141 as Internet traffic. These classes are each assigned traffic pol police command for each class under policy traffic-policy. Class management is assigned a 2-Mbp 375,000-byte normal burst and a 750,000-byte extended burst. Packets that conform to the norma to an IP precedence value of Flash-override (4) and transmitted. When traffic from class managem excess burst rate, it is still transmitted, but the IP precedence value for the packet is no longer cha the user-traffic class conforming to the normal traffic rate of 3 Mbps with a normal burst of 562,50 extended burst of 1,125,000 bytes has its IP precedence value set to Flash (3) and is still transmitt burst rate has been exceeded.

Zoning Rules Summary

This results in two flows (192.168.1.0 24 to any, 192.168.2.0 24 to any), and you can apply different inspection parameters to the flows to configure the desired different behaviors. Zone-based policy firewalls allow inside-to-Internet traffic (the source zone inside and the destination zone outside).

Data Scavenging

Data scavenging is generally step 1 in any deliberate attack against a network. Here, the attacker uses a combination of network-based utilities and Internet search engine queries to learn as much as possible about the target company. The attack is almost impossible to detect for two main reasons The information gained through Whois, Nslookup, or Internet search engines is usually public information that can be learned by anyone. Oftentimes, the information gained by the attacker comes from servers other than the victim's servers (as is the case with Whois queries). Using an Internet search engine can yield all sorts of good information as well. After a successful data-scavenging attack, the attacker might know the following about the victim network

Policy routing

Figure 14.1 shows an example of a typical policy routing application. AbnerNet is connected to two Internet service providers via router Dogpatch. AbnerNet's corporate policy dictates that some users' Internet traffic should be sent via ISP 1 and other users' Internet traffic should be sent via ISP 2. If either ISP should become unavailable, the traffic normally using that provider will be sent to the other provider. A policy route at Dogpatch can distribute Internet traffic in accordance with local policy. The distribution of traffic might be based on subnet, specific user, or even user applications.

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Configuring Sanderz for recursive lookups enables the network administrator to redirect all of that router's exit traffic from Heffalump to Woozle by changing one route entry. Figure 3.12. Configuring Sanderz for recursive lookups enables the network administrator to redirect all of that router's exit traffic from Heffalump to Woozle by changing one route entry.

ShowIDB

Enabling NetFlow on routers provides network administrators with access to packet flow information from their network. Exported NetFlow data can be used for a variety of purposes, including security monitoring, network management, capacity planning (as in Figure 2-1), customer billing, and Internet traffic flow analysis.

CPU Protection

The second tactic that attackers employ is making the network device generate large volumes of packets. They do this by sending traffic to the network device, to the location on the device where the CPU is expected to process and generate certain responses to specific requests. An example is sending malformed packets and making the network device send ICMP unreachable messages.

What Is a NAP

In NSF terms, a NAP is a high-speed switch or network of switches to which a number of routers can be connected for the purpose of traffic exchange. NAPs must operate at speeds of at least 100 Mbps and must be able to be upgraded as required by demand and usage. The NAP could be as simple as an FDDI switch (100 Mbps) or an ATM switch (usually 45+ Mbps) passing traffic from one provider to another.

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