Load Balancing with OSPF

Load balancing is a standard functionality of Cisco IOS Software that is available across all router platforms. It is inherent to the forwarding process in the router, and it enables a router to use multiple paths to a destination when it forwards packets. The number of paths used is limited by the number of entries that the routing protocol puts in the routing table. Four entries is the default in Cisco IOS Software for IP routing protocols except for BGP. BGP has a default of one entry. The maximum number of paths you can configure is 16.

Figure 4-6 shows an example of configuring an OSPF router to load balance across six equal-cost paths.

Figure 4-6 OSPF Equal-Cost Load Balancing

Calculate Cost Ofospf

The cost (or metric) of an interface in OSPF indicates the overhead that is required to send packets across a certain interface. The cost of an interface is inversely proportional to its bandwidth. A higher bandwidth indicates a lower cost. By default, Cisco routers calculate the cost of an interface based on the bandwidth. However, you can force the cost of an interface with the command ip ospf cost {value} in interface configuration mode.

If equal-cost paths exist to the same destination, the Cisco implementation of OSPF can keep track of up to 16 next hops to the same destination in the routing table (which is called load balancing). By default, the Cisco router supports up to four equal-cost paths to a destination for OSPF. Use the maximum-paths command under the OSPF router process configuration mode to set the number of equal-cost paths in the routing table, as shown in Example 4-8.

Example 4-8 Setting the Number of Equal-Cost Paths in the Routing Table

RouterX(config)

#router ospf 1

RouterX(config-

router)#maximum

paths ?

<1-16> Number

of paths

RouterX(config-

router)#maximum-

paths 3

You can use the show ip route command to find equal-cost routes. Following is an example of the show ip route command output for a specific subnet that has multiple routes available in the routing table. Example 4-9 shows three equal-cost paths to the 194.168.20.0 network.

Example 4-9 Finding Equal-Cost Routes with the show ip route Command

RouterX#show ip route 194.168.20.0

Routing entry for 194.168.20.0/24

Known via "ospf 1", distance 110, metric 74, type intra area

Redistributing via ospf 1

Last update from 10.10.10.1 on Seriall, 00:00:01 ago

Routing Descriptor Blocks:

* 20.20.20.1, from 204.204.204.1, 00:00:01 ago

via Serial2

Route metric is 74, traffic share count is

1

30.30.30.1, from 204.204.204.1, 00:00:01 ago

via Serial3

Route metric is 74, traffic share count is

1

10.10.10.1, from 204.204.204.1, 00:00:01 ago

via Seriall

Route metric is 74, traffic share count is

1

Notice the three routing descriptor blocks. Each block is one available route. Also note the asterisk (*) next to one of the block entries. The asterisk corresponds to the active route that is used for new traffic. The term "new traffic" corresponds to a single packet or an entire flow to a destination, depending on whether the router is performing per-destination or per-packet load balancing.

Continue reading here: OSPF Authentication

Was this article helpful?

+47 0

Readers' Questions

  • mulu tekle
    Is ospf support load sharing?
    2 months ago
  • Ospf does not support load sharing. OSPF is an open standard routing protocol used by gateway devices to select the best route based on number of hops, link cost, and bandwidth. It is typically used by larger networks.
    • matthew
      When multiple routes to a destination exist?
      8 months ago
    • When multiple routes to a destination exist, the routing protocol will determine which route to use based on a number of factors, such as route cost, quality of service, security, and latency. It will then select the optimum route for the data to traverse.
      • mebrat awate
        What does the cisco ios use to calculate the ospf cost to a destination network?
        8 months ago
      • The Cisco IOS uses the bandwidth of the outgoing interface to calculate the OSPF cost to a destination network. This is done by dividing the reference bandwidth (usually 100 Mbps) by the bandwidth of the outgoing interface, and then adding the resulting value to the OSPF cost of the destination network.
        • hagos
          How ospf sends traffic for equal cost path?
          1 year ago
        • OSPF by default will evenly distribute traffic across equal cost paths. This is called equal-cost multipath (ECMP) routing.
          • Rorimac
            How to make 2 ospf paths equal cost to load balence?
            1 year ago
          • In order to balance load between two OSPF paths of equal cost, all you need to do is change the metrics of each path slightly. This can be done by adjusting the cost of one or both of the paths in the OSPF configuration. This is often referred to as tweaking the OSPF cost or the administrative distance of the routes, which is a way of indicating a route's preference. Once the metrics have been adjusted, the OSPF traffic will be balanced between the two paths in order to best optimize the network.
            • ruben olszewski
              How does ospf equal cost load balancing work?
              1 year ago
            • OSPF equal cost load balancing is a feature that helps distribute packet traffic evenly across multiple paths in an IP network. This is done by weighing the traffic equally across all paths that have the same cost, thereby achieving load balancing. This feature can be configured on an OSPF router in order to optimize the network performance by balancing the load.
              • dina
                How ospf loadbalance the traffic by default?
                1 year ago
              • OSPF load balancing works by forwarding traffic differently based on the cost of the link. By default, OSPF calculates the cost of the link using the formula Cost = 100/bandwidth (in kbps). This means that a link with a greater bandwidth will have a lower cost and will be used more often by OSPF to forward traffic. The traffic is distributed evenly among the links, rather than just relying on the link with the lowest cost.
                • massawa
                  How osof support equal load balancing?
                  1 year ago
                • Osof can support equal load balancing by using a round-robin algorithm which distributes requests evenly across all nodes in the cluster. This helps to ensure that each node receives an equal number of requests and that requests are not concentrated on a single node. Osof can also use other load-balancing algorithms such as least connection or source IP hashing to distribute the load.
                  • Karolin
                    How to make load balancing cisco comand?
                    1 year ago
                  • faramir goodchild
                    Does ospf support equal cost load balance?
                    1 year ago
                  • Yes. In OSPF, equal-cost multipath (ECMP) load balancing is supported. ECMP load balancing allows a router to transmit traffic to a destination over multiple equal-cost paths.
                    • teodros
                      How many equalcost paths can a dynamic routing protocol use for load balancing by default?
                      1 year ago
                    • Most dynamic routing protocols use two or four equal-cost paths for load balancing by default.
                      • karin
                        How to configure load balancing in cisco router?
                        1 year ago
                      • Monika
                        How ospf load balancing works?
                        1 year ago
                      • OSPF load balancing is a feature that allows traffic to be routed across multiple equal-cost paths. It works by calculating the shortest paths for all available routes and then creating multiple equal-cost paths, which are then used to distribute traffic across them. The benefit of this is that it provides increased performance and redundancy. In addition, it also helps to reduce congestion.
                        • Pupa
                          What is loadbalancing ospf?
                          1 year ago
                        • Load balancing in OSPF is the process of using multiple paths to forward packets across a network with each path having an equal cost. This is done to ensure that there is no single point of failure in the routing process, as well as to ensure that traffic is evenly distributed across multiple paths. OSPF supports Equal Cost Multipath (ECMP) which is a mechanism that allows multiple paths with an equal cost to a destination to be employed in the routing decision. This means that packets can be load balanced across multiple paths with the same cost, resulting in better network performance.
                          • karolin
                            How to check ospf load balancing?
                            1 year ago
                          • mezan
                            How to configure ospf for unequal cost load balancing?
                            1 year ago
                          • ostf routers can provide load balancing by being configured to accept multiple routes to the same destination with different costs. The router will automatically choose the path with the lowest cost, but if that path fails it can use the other paths with higher costs for load balancing.
                            • kaisa piili
                              Is equal cost load balancing enabled by default in ospf3?
                              1 year ago
                            • No, equal cost load balancing is not enabled by default in OSPFv3. It must be manually enabled by the user.
                              • DAVID
                                What do we call routes in the routing table with same cost?
                                1 year ago
                              • kieron
                                How many equals cost path does ospf support?
                                1 year ago
                              • OSPF supports two types of cost paths: equal and unequal cost paths. An equal cost path is one in which all paths have the same cost, while an unequal cost path is one in which different paths have different costs.
                                • Balbo
                                  How does load balancing is handled in ospf protocol?
                                  1 year ago
                                • In OSPF, load balancing is handled by deploying multiple Equal Cost Multi Paths (ECMPs) to the same destination. This means that the same destination can be reached using more than one physical path. By using multiple paths, the total load on each link can be evenly distributed. Additionally, OSPF also allows load balancing of routes between different areas and autonomous systems. This is done by creating multiple logical paths to the same destination, each with a different path cost.
                                  • KRISTIN
                                    Does ospf support load balancing?
                                    1 year ago
                                  • Yes, OSPF supports load balancing in order to provide fault tolerance and maximize bandwidth utilization. OSPF can use multiple paths to the same destination to load balance traffic and increase redundancy.
                                    • Marie Vogel
                                      How many paths can ospf load balance?
                                      1 year ago
                                    • OSPF can load balance up to six paths for a single route.
                                      • Roberto
                                        How add routing table route using load balancer?
                                        1 year ago
                                      • Route tables can be added to a load balancer using a few different methods.
                                        1. Using a web UI: Many cloud providers have web UIs that allow you to create a route table through the user interface.
                                        2. Using a command line interface: If you are using a cloud provider that allows for command line access, you can create a route table by using the appropriate commands.
                                        3. Using an API: If your cloud provider supports APIs, you can create a route table through code.Once the route table is created, it can be linked to the load balancer to provide load balancing services.
                                        • Uta
                                          How to uniqeule cost load balancing in ospf?
                                          1 year ago
                                          1. Enable unequal cost load balancing on the router by entering the command “router ospf <process-id>” followed by “maximum-paths <number>”.
                                          2. Set the variance value equal to the value you would like to use for cost load balancing. This can be done using the command “variance <number>”.
                                          3. Once the variance value is set, the router will use unequal cost load balancing for links with costs differing by the variance value or less. If the costs of links are larger than the variance value, OSFP will not use unequal cost load balancing.
                                          4. Apply the changes by entering “end” and “write memory”.
                                          • amina
                                            How many equal cost paths can be load balanced in ospf?
                                            1 year ago
                                          • There is no definitive answer to this question as it depends on the individual network configurations and the number of links and devices present. In general, however, OSPF can support multiple equal cost paths for load balancing.