Directed Broadcast

NAT Terminology

Some terms mentioned earlier apply to all NAT configurations. The term inside refers to networks that are private and that reside inside your routing domain. The inside is the address that you will be translating. The term outside refers to networks that are visible and most often routable to the outside world. The term global is used with inside and outside as well think of the term to mean that this address space is assigned by NIC. Table 15-1 details how the words are used together. The IP...

Figure 1214 Dr Stais Dental Network

Configure the Frame Relay network as a point-to-point network between dental_ho and the router fillings. Use a Frame Relay multipoint network between the dental_ho, crowns, and root_canals routers. Configure all the OSPF areas as denoted in the diagram. Area 10 is to be configured as a NSSA area. Inject a default route into the dental_ho router pointing all Internet traffic toward the network 128.10.1.0 24. Propagate the default route within the OSPF domain. Configure Type 2 authentication in...

CM BWmin DELAYsum

To demonstrate composite metric calculation, refer to Figure 11-1. In this example, EIGRP calculates a composite metric on the alpha router to 172.16.1.0 24, which resides on the charlie router. Assuming that the bandwidth statements been set by an astute engineer, the lowest bandwidth on the path between alpha and charlie routers would be 56. Therefore, you have The delay is the summation of the delays on the outbound interfaces only. The summation ends with the delay on the interface in which...

Example 749 Resetting the BRI Interface

ISDN_Router(config) int bri0 ISDN_Router(config-if) shut ISDN_Router(config-if) no shut ISDN_Router(config-if) LINK-5-CHANGED Interface BRIO, changed state to administratively down Interface BRI0 1, changed state to down Interface BRI0 2, changed state to down Interface BRI0, changed state to up ISDN Router(config-if) end ISDN-6-LAYER2UP Layer 2 for Interface BR0, TEI 88 changed to up ISDN-6-LAYER2UP Layer 2 for Interface BR0, TEI 97 changed to up SYS-5-CONFIG I Configured from console by...

Default Routing with EIGRP

A default route can be injected into EIGRP in two primary ways Redistribute a default static route into EIGRP so that EIGRP recognizes the route of 0.0.0.0 to be the default route. A default static route is created with the global router entry ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 next_hop_IP_address. This route then must be redistributed into EiGrp with the redistribute static command. If the network 0.0.0.0 is not used, you can still mark the route as a default route by using the ip default-network...

Split Horizon

Recall from earlier that split horizon is a routing technique in which information about routes is prevented from exiting the router interface or subinterface through which that information was received. Split horizon is most prevalent in multipoint networks. Here, routing updates flow into one subinterface but also must be sent out that very same subinterface to reach the other routers on the multipoint network. Split horizon is enabled by default and prevents specific route updates for EIGRP,...

Figure 89 Classical IP

FIFO 22225 inlarlaw ATU1.U2 Note that although Figure 8-9 shows five routers, you can perform a similar exercise by using only two routers interconnected through the ATM network. Figure 8-9 illustrates the network diagram and addressing scheme used in this lab. Lab 19 Configuring Classical IP Using SVCs on Cisco 7XXX Routers, RFC 2225 Part II You use the same IP addressing and IP routing protocol as you used in the previous lab. The steps necessary to perform these tasks are...

Technical Overview of EIGRP

EIGRP offers many advantages over other routing protocols, including the following Support for VLSM EIGRP is a classless routing protocol and carries the subnet mask of the route in its update. Rapid convergence By using the concept of feasible successors, defined by DUAL, EIGRP is capable of preselecting the next best path to a destination. This allows for very fast convergence upon a link failure. Low CPU utilization Under normal operation, only hellos and partial updates are sent across a...

Link State Protocols Open Shortest Path First OSPF

Since its conception in 1987, OSPF has continued to evolve with the modern internetwork. Today, OSPF is clearly the dominant Open Systems interior routing protocol. Because of the constant RFC enhancements to OSPF, it has proven itself to be a scalable protocol with networks in the tens of thousands of nodes. OSPF officially was documented in 1989 by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to address many of the limitations of distance vector protocols, such as RIP and IGRP. Since 1989, OSPF...

OSPF Router Types Areas and LSAs

At the onset, we mentioned that OSPF could be considered to be CPU-intensive and difficult to configure. By now, it becomes evident that multiple SPF databases, complex algorithms, and constant CPU interrupts caused by link-state flooding can cause an increase in the router's processor utilization. To control the flooding of link states and database synchronization, OSPF deploys the use of areas. An OSPF area can be defined as a group of routers and links that divide an OSPF domain into...

Additional Commands for Configuring Frame Relay

Some additional commands are available to control or modify your Frame Relay network. The following list includes some of the more commonly tuned features of Frame Relay. For a complete list, see the IOS WAN Configuration Guide. Router(config-if)no frame-relay inverse-arp Disables the sending of Inverse ARP requests. Use this command in conjunction with no arp frame-relay to prevent the dynamic mapping of PVCs. Router(config-if)no arp frame-relay Disables ARP responses. Use this in conjunction...

Technical Overview of OSPF

OSPF is classless routing protocol that interfaces directly to IP as protocol 89. OSPF uses the concept of multicast hellos and dead timers to discover and maintain neighbors. Routing updates for OSPF are called link-state advertisements (LSAs). The topology table for OSPF commonly is referred to as the link-state database. OSPF floods areas with LSAs until every router in the domain has a consistent image of the network, called the link-state database. When every router has the same image of...

Modeling Versus Simulating

We use the terms modeling and simulating to describe the character of the network. When the term model is used, it means that the network can be used to transport data, and it represents a smaller version of the larger network. When the term simulated is used, it implies that the network has only one host and that no data can be sent across the network. The network must be capable of being advertised by a routing protocol to be simulated. An example of a simulated network is a loopback...

Example 720 Displaying the Load for the First B Channel

BRI0 1 is up, line protocol is up Hardware is BRI MTU 1500 bytes, BW 64 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, rely 255 255, load 3 255 Encapsulation PPP, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec) LCP Open, multilink Open Last input 00 00 05, output 00 00 05, output hang never Last clearing of show interface counters never Queueing strategy fifo Output queue 0 40, 0 drops input queue 0 75, 0 drops 5 minute input rate 1000 bits sec, 1 packets sec 5 minute output rate 1000 bits sec, 1 packets sec 4183 packets...

Example 751 Checking the Status of the Individual B Channels on the ISDN Interface

BRI0 1 is down, line protocol is down Hardware is BRI MTU 1500 bytes, BW 64 Kbit, DLY 20000 usec, rely 255 255, load 1 255 Encapsulation PPP, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec) LCP Closed, multilink Closed Closed IPCP, CDPCP Last input 00 00 07, output 00 00 05, output hang never Last clearing of show interface counters 00 00 49 Queueing strategy fifo Output queue 0 40, 0 drops input queue 0 75, 0 drops 5 minute input rate 0 bits sec, 0 packets sec 5 minute output rate 0 bits sec, 0...

Tuning Redistribution and Control of RIP Updates

RIP offers several parameters for tuning timers, controlling broadcasts, and controlling routes. The following is a list of some of the common parameters adjustable within RIP Router(config-router)timers basic update invalid holddown flush This allows the user to set the update, invalid, hold-down, and flush timers for RIP. interface_name This command prevents the sending of routing updates on a interface however, the router still listens to updates received from that interface. ip-address This...

Example 105 debug ip igrp events Command Output

02 52 53 IGRP sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Ethernet0 (206.191.241.46) Tuning, Redistribution, and Controlling IGRP Updates Like RIP, IGRP has several parameters for tuning timers, controlling broadcasts, load-sharing, and controlling routes. The following is a list of parameters adjustable within IGRP basic update invalid holddown flush sleeptime This allows the user to set the update, invalid, hold-down, flush, and optional sleep timers for IGRP. To allow IGRP unicast updates, define...

EIGRP Redistribution and Route Control

To filter routing updates in EIGRP, use a distribute list. A distribute list calls a standard or extended access list and filters routing updates accordingly. When redistributing one protocol into another, use the redistribute command along with a default metric. A route map should be used in place of a distribute list when controlling specific routes during the redistribution process. Redistribution happens automatically between IGRP and EIGRP when they are in the same autonomous systems....

Control Examples

You must verify two things within the routing domains to allow IP end-to-end connectivity Notice that the IGRP domain is on a 24-bit boundary. This means that when the IGRP domain receives a route, it must exist on a major bit boundary or a 24-bit boundary for the interface to accept that route. Mutual redistribution must occur between EIGRP and IGRP, and EIGRP and OSPF. Beginning with the configuration for the canada_1 router, you can follow the three-step process for configuring EIGRP as...

Lab 22 Eigrp Route Redistribution Summarization and Stub Routing Part II

Configure the Frame Relay switch and attach the four routers in a back-to-back manner to the Frame Relay switch. Use V.35 cables or CSU DSUs with crossover cables, to connect the routers. Create the four LANs by using switches or hubs MAUs, as illustrated in Figure 11-13. When the physical connections are complete, assign IP addresses to all LAN and WAN interfaces, as depicted in Figure 11-13. Be sure that you can ping each router's local LAN and WAN interface before moving on. The wisconsin...

Figure 1339 DLSw Border Peers and Peer Groups

To configure border peers and peer groups, use the following process Step 1. Divide the network into peer groups. Step 2. Configure the peer group so that there is a single peer from all the routers to one peer within that group. This router with all the peers will be configured as the border peer. To configure a peer group, use the keyword group x on the local-peer statement. To configure a peer as a border peer, use the keyword border on the local-peer statement. Step 3. Configure a DLSw peer...

Lab 35 Configuring NTP Servers Clients and Peer Associations Part I

As mentioned previously, NTP is a critical component to network management and for applications that may require an accurate time source. Cisco routers can be configured to synchronize to an external time source and, in turn, have other routers synchronize to them. Independent Ticket, Inc. runs a concert ticket sales application that requires an accurate clock to ensure that ticket sales start and stop at the correct times. This particular application is run by a small group of bands that want...

Commands to Influence OSPF Routing Decisions

You can control routing updates within OSPF in multiple ways. Recall that OSPF calculates a cost to a destination based on a formula involving bandwidth. To influence route decisions, you can either change the bandwidth on the interface, which in turn will affect the cost of the link, or directly change the cost of the interface. OSPF also supports the direct changing of the administrative distance with the distance command, much like EIGRP. OSPF also uses the passive interface command to...

Lab 22 Eigrp Route Redistribution Summarization and Stub Routing Part I

As EIGRP networks continue to grow in popularity, it becomes increasingly important to be able to control the query range and integrate it with other routing protocols, such as RIP and OSPF. It is also important to understand the default setting of EIGRP, such as split horizon and autosummarization. This lab gives you practice in controlling the query range, integrating EIGRP with other routing protocols, and performing summarization. Cisco Training Partners provide custom-tailored Cisco...

Example 66 Configuring Voice over ATM on voatm1

Service timestamps debug uptime service timestamps log uptime interface FastEthernet0 0 no ip address shutdown duplex auto speed auto interface FastEthernet0 1 no ip address shutdown duplex auto speed auto no atm scrambling cell-payload no atm ilmi-keepalive pvc 1 150 vbr-rt 128 64 32 encapsulation aal5mux voice interface Serial2 0 no ip address shutdown interface Serial2 1 no ip address shutdown interface Serial2 2 no ip address shutdown interface Serial2 3 no ip address shutdown The following...

Example 67 Configuring Voice over ATM on voatm2

Service timestamps debug uptime service timestamps log uptime interface FastEthernet0 0 no ip address shutdown duplex auto speed auto interface FastEthernet0 1 no ip address shutdown duplex auto speed auto interface Serial2 0 no ip address encapsulation frame-relay shutdown interface Serial2 1 no ip address shutdown interface Serial2 2 no ip address shutdown interface Serial2 3 no ip address shutdown Now that both router configurations are complete, pick up the phone set on voatml and dial the...

Contributing Authors

Dan Keller, CCIE 6489, currently works at Qwest Communications as a senior network architect focusing on WAN design. Dan lives in Huntington Beach, California. Dan contributed Chapter 7, WAN Protocols and Technologies Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Galina Diker Pildush, CCIE 3176, CCSI, is the president and a senior consultant at Advanced Communications Experts (ACE), Inc. She provides training and course development for Global Knowledge Network, Inc., the largest Cisco Learning...

How This Book Is Organized

This book's organization follows that of the OSI model and how networks are built in general, from Layer 1 on up. The first chapter deals mostly with the physical layer and basic router setup and access. Part IV, Routing Protocols, focuses on Layers 3 and 4. Each chapter is followed by one or more complex labs. The labs are designed to be worked through before viewing the walkthrough for the lab. The major parts of the book cover the following topics Part I, Modeling the Internetwork This part...

Figure 73 ISDN Backing up a Primary Link

Normally, the remote office will initiate the ISDN connection, therefore becoming the calling router. The headquarters router becomes the called router. Larger networks might have numerous remote offices that use routers with BRI interfaces, with the headquarters router having a PRI interface to handle multiple ISDN calls at once. In this setup, the Frame Relay link is used as the primary, with the ISDN link backing up the Frame Relay, and is used only when there is a Frame Relay outage....

CCIE Recommended Study Resources and Topics Outline

This book serves as only one of many that you will have to read during your studies. The following books are a brief list of the ones that will be of great value during your studies another list is provided on the CCIE page, mentioned previously Perlman Interconnections, Second Edition Bridges, Routers, Switches, and Internetworking Protocols Doyle Routing TCP IP, Volume I and II Halabi Internetwork Routing Architectures Caslow, Bruce Bridges, Routers, and Switches Cisco Press CCIE Network...

Standard IP Access Lists

Until this point, this chapter has have talked about access lists in a general sense. Now, you will learn about the specific types of IP access lists and how to configure them. A standard access list falls within the range of 1 and 99, and 1300 and 1999 in Cisco IOS Release 12.0. The log keyword can be added to the end of any access list. It causes an informational logging message about the packet that matches the entry to be sent to the console. The syntax for the standard IP access list is...

Figure 161 HSRP in a Typical Network

In Figure 16-1, all the TCP IP clients have a default gateway set to 172.16.1.1. The default gateway tells the IP client to forward any traffic not found on a local subnet to a specific IP address. The 172.16.1.1 address then is used as the HSRP virtual address. In this example, the router caladan is configured to track the serial interface to arakas. This means that if the serial interface enters a down state, it decrements the router's priority by 10 or by another configured value. While the...

Configuring a Frame Relay Switch

Conceivably, the most useful device inside and outside the lab might be the Frame Relay switch. Much like the jump register, the configuration of a Frame Relay switch seems to be one of those untold secrets of router configuration. When I learned how to configure Frame Relay switching, I was able to model many network installations. Because I was the service provider, I could assign my own DLCIs, matching those exactly as AT& T or MCI might provide. By accurately modeling the network in the...

Figure 25 Collision and Broadcast Domains

How Various Network Devices Segment Collision and Broadcast Domains All ports are in a single collision domain. All ports are in a single broadcast domain. Each port is a separate collision domain. All ports are in a single broadcast domain. Each port is a separate collision domain. Each port is in a separate broadcast domain.-* Each port is a separate collision domain. Each port is configurable to be in the same or a separate collision domain. * Assuming that bridging is disabled *...

Routing Protocol Dynamic Routing Updates Method Static Method

Floating static routes AD distance > 170 Floating static routes AD distance > 120 A common approach to the routing dilemma, and the approach that this section addresses, is the application of floating static routes or weighted routes. A floating static route is a static route defined as a route that is not permanently entered into the routing table. The route appears only under a special set of circumstances. A floating static route is configured as a static route to a destination network...

Figure 239 Game LAN Ethernet Network

Use the VTP domain name, funtime, for all the switches in the network. Create three VLANs on this network, and do not use VLAN1. Create one VLAN for management, which is IP subnet 172.16.128.0 24. Mark this VLAN so that it stands out as the management VLAN when being viewed by other switches. Two other VLANs are needed, one for the glaccess_2 router, 172.16.16.0 24, and one for the glaccess_1 router on subnet 172.16.17.0 24. Configure the gameserver_1 and the gameserver_2 routers to route...

Example 1318 show sourcebridge Command Output

Local Interfaces receive transmit srn bn trn r p s n max hops cnt cnt drops To0 1 1 100 * f 7 7 7 1019 0 0 Global RSRB Parameters TCP Queue Length maximum 100 This TCP peer 172.16.128.10 Maximum output TCP queue length, per peer Peers TCP 172 TCP 172 TCP 172 Rings Rings bn 3 rn bn 10 rn remote ma 4000.30b1.270a TCP 172.16.128. remote ma 4000.309a.68bb TCP 172.16.128. Explorer fastswitching enabled Local switched 1019 flushed 0 drops Now, modify the previous example to use Frame Relay as the...

Frame Relay Technical Overview

Necessity is the mother of invention, and this old rule applies to protocols as well. There were many shortcomings in X.25, SDLC, and other WAN protocols when Frame Relay surfaced. Frame Relay brought many useful options that aided in better network design, such as the following Frame Relay provides a means for statistically multiplexing many logical circuits over a single physical circuit. Frame Relay helps lower line cost by not requiring dedicated end-to-end circuits for each link....

Figure 1332 DLSw TCP and FST Peers

Begin by focusing the TCP peer between skywalker and solo. Following the four-step configuration process, begin by creating loopback interfaces on skywalker and solo. When the loopback interfaces are configured and IP addresses are assigned to them, make sure that they are advertised by the routing protocol. The loopback address will serve as the local and remote peers, so it is essential that IP connectivity exits between them. In this model, you are using EIGRP as the routing protocol, so...

Lab 27 DLSw Tcp Llc2 Promiscuous Dynamic and Backup Peer Configuration Part II

This lab continues from the previous lab the only difference in the physical layout is that of the wolf router, which now has two Ethernet interfaces and no Token Ring interfaces. If you use the same configurations from the previous lab, be sure to disable transparent bridging on the WAN and RSRB. Configure the Frame Relay switch and attach the four routers in a back-to-back manner to the frame switch. Use V.35 cables or CSU DSUs with crossover cables to connect the routers. Create the four...

Token Ring Bridge Relay Function TrBRF and the Token Ring Concentrator Function TrCRF

The Token Ring bridge relay function (TrBRF) functions like a multiport bridge. Its purpose is to bridge rings. The rings that it bridges are called Token Ring concentrator relay functions (TrCRF). (These probably would have been called virtual rings, but that name was already taken.) Multiple TrCRFs can attach to a single TrBRF, much like multiple rings can attach to a single bridge. TrCRFs can exchange data through source-route bridging (SRB) or source-route transparent bridging (SRT). If you...

PVC Implementation

The PVC implementation is a static and tedious process from within the ATM network itself. If you implement the PVC-based ATM networks, please be careful to make sure that the information on the VPI VCI numbers is precise. One mistake on a VPI VCI number(s) can lead to devastating unpredictable results, like ending up in Moscow instead of NewYork for your connection. Recall that VPI VCI numbers are locally significant addresses used in ATM's PVC implementations. For the purpose of this chapter...

Frame Relay Terminology

Some common terms are necessary to know when discussing and configuring Frame Relay. Some of the terms on the following list are recalled from Chapter 1, The Key Components for Modeling an Internetwork Permanent virtual circuit (PVC) The logical end-to-end circuit, used for frame transport. A PVC's endpoints are addressed with DLCIs. Data-Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) A logical number in the range of 16 to 1007 used to identify the PVC between the customer premises equipment (CPE) and the...

Lab 17 Configuring OSPF Demand Circuits over ISDN

This lab assumes an in-depth knowledge of the various routing protocols. It might be a good idea to read Chapter 12 before attempting this lab. Try to complete this lab on your own by doing some research and looking up the necessary commands first before peeking at the solution provided. Refer to the network diagram in Figure 7-12 for reference call this network the ABC company. Figure 7-12. Network Topology for This Lab Figure 7-12. Network Topology for This Lab Configure the ABC network so...

Example 121 debug ip ospf adj Command Followed by a show ip ospf neighbor Command Demonstrating an Adjacency Forming

OSPF adjacency events debugging is on Build router LSA for area 0, router ID 172.16.1.1 Build router LSA for area 0, router ID 172.16.1.1 Build router LSA for area 0, router ID 172.16.1.1 SYS-5-CONFIG I Configured from console by console OSPF 2 Way Communication to 172.16.1.10 on EthernetO, state 2WAY two-way state Build router LSA for area 0, router ID 172.16.1.1 2 Way Communication to 172.16.1.5 on EthernetO, state 2WAY Backup seen Event before WAIT timer on EthernetO DR BDR election on...

Show ip ospf neighbors Command

This can be one of the most useful commands when verifying the operational status of OSPF. The show ip ospf neighbor command shows the status of all OSPF neighbors. The command also shows whether the neighboring router is a DR, a BDR, or a DROTHER. For a neighbor to form, the HelloInterval, RouterDeadInterval, area IDs, and authentication type and password must match. Neighbors should form automatically on broadcast type networks such as Ethernet, Tokin Ring, and FDDI. Additional configuration...

Example 122 Complex OSPF Route Table

Codes C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default U - per-user static route, o - ODR Gateway of last resort is 172.16.128.1 to network 0.0.0.0 10.0.0.0 24 is subnetted, 1 subnets O 10.10.10.0 is a summary, 03 05 49,...

Example 1311 Local SRB Configuration

No ip directed-broadcast ring-speed 16 interface TokenRing1 no ip address no ip directed-broadcast ring-speed 16 RIF enabled From ring 1 thru bridge 1 to ring 2 RIF enabled From ring 2 thru bridge 1 to ring 1 Configuring Multiport Local Source-Route Bridging The other type of SRB is needed when there are more than two Token Ring interfaces to bridge between. This type of configuration requires a virtual ring to be defined on the router. A virtual ring is just as the name describes, a virtual...

Example 742 dialer map snapshot Confusion Illustration

Cheech conf t Cheech(config) int bri0 Cheech(config-if) dialer map snapshot It appears here that IOS is looking for a specific protocol address, when, in fact, only a sequence number is required. Sequence numbers are used to identify a dialer map and prioritize the sequence (a number from 1 to 254) in which the client calls the server routers, if there are multiple server routers. If only one server router exists, any sequence number will do. The point here is to remember to input only a number...

Example 55 Configuring the glock Routers Serial Interface

Interface serial0 ip address 172.16.1.3 255.255.255.0 no ip directed-broadcast encapsulation frame-relay no ip mroute-cache no fair-queue frame-relay map ip 172.16.1.5 111 broadcast frame-relay map ip 172.16.1.1 111 broadcast The sig router has a multipoint subinterface on s0 therefore, this router also needs two static frame-relay map statements. One frame-relay map statement is for the glock router, and one is for the marlin router. Example 5-6 shows the configuration for the serial interface...

Example 242 Setting Root for VLAN

Designated Root, same as in example 2-40 Designated Root Priority 32768 Designated Root Cost 19 Root Max Age 20 sec Hello Time 2 sec Forward Delay 15 sec Bridge ID MAC ADDR 00-30-19-76-4d-01 Bur MAC for VLAN 2 Bridge Max Age 20 sec Hello Time 2 sec Forward Delay 15 sec Port Vlan Port-State Cost Priority Fast-Start Group-Method (enable) set spant root 2 Set Root macro for VLAN 2 VLAN 2 bridge max aging time set to 20. VLAN 2 bridge forward delay set to 15. Switch is now the root switch for...

Configuring PPP on Synchronous Serial Links

To configure PPP on a serial interface, you must first enable PPP encapsulation on the interface with the encapsulation ppp command. If you are configuring both ends of the PPP link, you need to configure PPP encapsulation on each side. If you are configuring a PPP link with two routers, using DTE-to-DCE cable connections, you also need to use the clock rate bps command on the DCE side of the connection. Essentially, setting the encapsulation coupled with a network layer address is all that is...

Configuring PPP on Asynchronous Ports for Analog Dial Links

Configuring PPP on asynchronous interfaces for analog dial connections can be more involved than configuring PPP on serial links. This section briefly lists the steps needed to configure PPP and then goes into greater detail on the more complex steps. The steps to configure PPP for use on an asynchronous dialup connection are as follows Step 1. Configure the modem and asynchronous port. Step 1 involves attaching and configuring the modem, and configuring the asynchronous port of the router....

Example 411 PPP Analog Dial Configuration

Username remote_router password 0 cisco1 ip subnet-zero chat-script dialremote ATZ& F OK ATDT5496561 TIMEOUT 60 CONNECT ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 no ip directed-broadcast interface Async1 ip address 172.16.128.1 255.255.255.252 no ip directed-broadcast encapsulation ppp dialer in-band dialer idle-timeout 305 dialer map ip 172.16.128.2 name remote_router broadcast 5496560 dialer-group 1 async mode interactive ppp authentication chap ip route 172.16.2.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.128.2...

Figure 48 PPP Multilink Bundles

When a bundle is formed, it can be formed with different physical interface types. For example, an asynchronous interface can be joined with a synchronous interface to form a bundle. PPP multilink is outlined in RFC 1990, which replaces RFC 1717. RFC 1990 specifies multivendor interoperability and resolves some earlier ISDN sequencing issues. PPP multilink is an option negotiated by LCP during its initial negotiation period. After negotiation, PPP multilink operates by first splitting packets...

Example 417 Configuration of a Line for Modem and PPP

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL Z. skynet_lab(config) line 8 skynet_lab(config-line) modem inout skynet_lab(config-line) modem autoconfigure type default skynet_lab(config-line) login local skynet_lab(config-line) autoselect during-login skynet_lab(config-line) autoselect ppp skynet_lab(config-line) transport input all skynet_lab(config-line) AZ skynet_lab To verify that the modem has been properly configured, use the show line x command in this case, show line 8....

Lab Walkthrough

Attach two routers in a back-to-back fashion, using either a V.35 cable or CSU DSUs with a crossover cable, as depicted in Figure 4-10. To configure skynet_lab, you can preserve most of your configuration from the previous lab. Here, you essentially configure PPP over the interface, enable CHAP, and enforce LQM. First, configure the serial interfaces for PPP by changing the encapsulation type to PPP. At this time, also set a username for the remote router, isp_router, and set the password to...

Example 432 Routing Table on subbranch and show eigrp neighbor Command

Codes C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default U - per-user static route, o - ODR T - traffic engineered route 192.168.128.0 24 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks D 192.168.128.8 30 90 7 044 0192 via...

Example 78 Example PAP Authentication Configuration Router 2 Called Router

Service timestamps debug uptime service timestamps log uptime no service password-encryption username ISDN-1 password 0 CISCO ip subnet-zero interface Loopback0 ip address 175.10.102.1 255.255.255.255 no ip directed-broadcast interface Ethernet0 ip address 175.10.1.1 255.255.255.0 no ip directed-broadcast no keepalive interface Serial0 no ip address no ip directed-broadcast encapsulation frame-relay logging event subif-link-status logging event dlci-status-change interface Serial1 description...

NTP Overview

NTP was designed to provide an accurate and stable clock to remote sources across an unmanaged, global Internet environment. Before NTP, other protocols such as Daytime protocol, Time protocol, and ICMP timestamp provided this service. Digital Time Service (DTS) accomplished many of the same objectives as NTP. However, NTP provides for the use of stratum information in clock selection and provides an accurate compensation for inherent clock frequency errors. DTS does not use a stratum or...

Example 2S3 Verifying VLAN and Trunk Operation on glswitch2

FaO 2 4, FaO 2 5, FaO 26, FaO 27 FaO 2 8, FaO 2 9, Fa0 30, FaO 31 FaO 3 17 VLAN0017 12 8 management < < < text omitted> > > gl_switch2 gl_switch2 show interface gigabitEthernet 0 1 switchport Name Gi0 1 Switchport Enabled Administrative mode trunk Operational Mode trunk Administrative Trunking Encapsulation dot1q Operational Trunking Encapsulation dot1q Negotiation of Trunking Disabled Access Mode VLAN 0 ((Inactive)) Trunking Native Mode VLAN 1 (default) Trunking VLANs Enabled ALL...

ISDN Encapsulation Options

ISDN routers can support both PPP and HDLC encapsulations. HDLC is the default encapsulation, but the vast majority of ISDN routers use PPP. The main reason that PPP is chosen over HDLC is because HDLC cannot use both B channels simultaneously. With HDLC, both B channels can be up, but one channel is used to send and the other is used to receive traffic. Each B channel has the capability to provide full duplex (send and receive at the same time), so by using HDLC, you are essentially cutting...

Extended IP Access Lists

Extended IP access lists apply the same concepts that you just learned however, they have much more control over whether to filter off a source and destination address, along with IP protocol type filtering. The general syntax for extended IP access lists is shown here access-list 100-199 2000-2699 permit deny protocol_type Source_address Source_address_wildcard destination_address destination_address_wildcard protocol specific options precedence precedence tos tos log established The access...

Figure 29 VLAN Trunking

Three primary trunking encapsulations are available for Ethernet Inter-Switch Link (ISL) ISL is a Cisco proprietary trunking encapsulation. ISL is a frame-tagging protocol the frames on the link contain the standard Ethernet, FDDI, or Token Ring frame and the VLAN information associated with that frame. ISL is supported on links that are 100 Mbps or greater in speed. ISL is an extremely efficient protocol, and it is the protocol that Cisco uses internally for Catalyst to communicate with the...

Configuring Dialon Demand Routing DDR

For ISDN to work properly, dial-on-demand routing (DDR) options must be created on the interface. Often, ISDN links are used to back up point-to-point or Frame Relay circuits. If not configured correctly, the ISDN link can stay up constantly or can continuously connect, hang up, and then connect again. Because ISDN carrier's normally charge usage by the minute, a small configuration error can result in a customer getting ISDN bills of more than 1000 per month. Unless you enjoy long discussions...

Example 726 Floating Static Route Configuration

No service password-encryption no service udp-small-servers interface Loopback0 ip address 175.10.2.2 255.255.255.0 interface EthernetO ip address 175.10.22.1 255.255.255.0 no keepalive no mop enabled interface Serial0 ip address 175.10.123.1 255.255.255.0 encapsulation frame-relay frame-relay map ip 175.10.123.2 300 broadcast interface BRI0 ip address 175.10.23.1 255.255.255.0 encapsulation ppp isdn spid1 61293199371111 isdn spid2 61293199381111 dialer map ip 175.10.23.2 broadcast 6129319833...

Lab 13 Configuring Frame Relay Networks and Controlling Frame Relay ARPPart II

Attach the four routers in a back-to-back manner to the Frame Relay network cloud. Use V.35 cables or CSU DSUs with crossover cables to connect the routers to the Frame Relay switch. Create the four LANs by the use of switches or hubs MAUs. When the physical connections are complete, assign IP addresses to all LAN interfaces, as depicted in Figure 5-7. Be sure that you can ping the router's local LAN interface before moving on. Begin with the sv_lair router, where you can use subinterfaces....

Ethernet A Brief History of an Evolutionary Protocol

Its conception occurred at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), developed by Bob Metcalfe in 1972. In 1979, Digital Equipment Corp., Intel, and Xerox standardized the DIX V1.0 frame two years later, they refined it with the Version 2.0 frame. In 1981, the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) project 802 decided to form the 802.3 subcommittee, which is almost synonymous with the Ethernet that we know today. Table 2-1 provides a great...

VTP and Trunking Protocols

A powerful function of VLANs is their capability to span distance. VLANs are communicated from switch to switch by the means of a VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP). VTP is used to maintain global VLAN information between switches. A VLAN management domain, or VTP domain, consists of one or more switches interconnected and sharing the same administrative responsibility. Anytime that you want the VLANS on one switch to have information about the VLANs on another switch (that is, when you want these...

Example 210 Detailed Port Information

Sw13 (enable) show port 2 1 Port Name Status 2 1 gigabit trunk sw11 connected trunk normal full 1000 1000BaseSX Port Security Secure-Src-Addr Last-Src-Addr Shutdown Trap Iflndex channel Port Align-Err FCS-Err Xmit-Err Rcv-Err UnderSize 2 1 - 0 0 0 0 Port Single-Col Multi-Coll Late-Coll Excess-Col Carri-Sen Runts Sat Jun 16 2001, 13 29 17 sw13 (enable) Configuring VLANs on Catalyst 4000 5500 6500 Switches VLANs are created on the Catalyst 4000 5500 6500 series switches with the set vlan command....

Example 218 Configuration of VLAN 175

Switch vlan database Switch(vlan) vlan 175 name backbone Name backbone Switch(vlan) apply APPLY completed. Switch(vlan) Other options might be configured on the VLAN from this mode. They include the following Switch(vlan) vlan vlan num name vlan name state active suspend said mtu mtu bridge bridge number stp type ieee ibm auto name Allows you to attach a 32-character name to the VLAN. state Allows you to suspend the VLAN. A suspended VLAN is propagated through VTP, but no user traffic will be...

Simulating Wide Area Network Connections

The other major part of modeling the internetwork consists of WAN connections. At this point in the design, you are concerned only with ISO Layer 1. You will continue to model the internetwork from Layer 1 on up because this is the most logical way to build any network. First, you will build all the physical connections to all your devices, and then you will configure all LAN interfaces, WAN interfaces, and finally your different networks together with routing protocols. Constructing a network...

Appendix C Rfc List

Table C-1 provides a list of some of the more common RFCs found throughout the text. The complete text version of these RFCs can be found at www.isi.edu. The PPP Bandwidth Allocation Protocol (BAP) The PPP Bandwidth Allocation Control Protocol (BACP) Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP) Version 4 for IPv4, IPv6 and OSI TCP Selective Acknowledgment Options PPP Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) Address Allocation for Private Internets Management Information Base for version 2 of...

Example 153 Configuring Inside and Outside Interfaces

Nat_router(config) interface e0 nat_router(config-if) ip nat inside nat_router(config-if) exit nat_router(config) interface s0 nat_router(config-if) ip nat outside The next step requires you to anchor the subnet that you are translating to on this router. You do this by assigning the network given to you from your ISP in this case, 128.100.100.0 24 to a local interface. Use the first host address on the loopback interface, and use 128.100.100.2 to 128.100.100.254 as the address pool. The second...

Configuring NAT Static Translation

Configuring static translation is similar to configuring dynamic translation, except that you do not configure an IP pool. Instead, you configure a one-to-one address map of which specific hosts are to be translated to a specific address. A static translation can be used as an inside static translation or can have an outside static translation. Most implementations of NAT simply use an inside static translation, but when NAT is overlapping, you might want to use an outside source translation....

Example 156 IPCP and Dialer Configuration for Easy IP

Interface BRI0 no ip address no ip directed-broadcast encapsulation ppp dialer pool-member 10 isdn switch-type basic-ni isdn spid1 71538154750101 3815475 isdn spid2 71538154760101 3815476 ppp multilink ip address negotiated no ip directed-broadcast ppp pap sent-username ksolie password 7 1304474B5B5D577E ppp multilink Notice that most ISPs also use PAP for authentication. This also might be a requirement for your configuration to the ISP. For more information on the dialer configurations or...

Configuring RFC 2684

The complete theory behind RFC 2684 is covered in Cisco ATM Solutions. Here, I want to remind you that RFC 2684 (formerly RFC 1483) is an encapsulation method of all routed or bridged protocols over ATM. My formula for RFC 2684 is as follows RFC 2684 is the multiprotocol encapsulation method. The encapsulation method of multiple protocols (Layer 3 or bridged) over a single VC is accomplished using LLC SNAP the encapsulation method of a single protocol over a single VC is done using mux. Both...

Configuring a Route Generator or Backbone Router

The next component that is helpful in modeling the internetwork is the route generator, or backbone router. A route generator is simply a router configured with virtual networks or loopback interfaces. These virtual networks are given a Layer 3 address and are advertised by a routing protocol. The main use is to make your test network look bigger than it really is, from a physical aspect, by injecting routes into your routing tables. To configure a route generator, perform the following tasks...

Transparent Bridging Model

Figure 13-4 presents a practical example of transparent bridging. In this model, the workstations are MS Windows 9x running NetBEUI, a nonroutable protocol. For the workstations to communicate, transparent bridging must be enabled across the Frame Relay network and on the Ethernet interfaces of the routers shuttle 5 and shuttle 6. To enable transparent bridging on the enterprise router, follow the three-step process. Begin by assigning a bridge group and STP to the bridging domain. This is...

Using Windows 9x NetBEUI to Test RSRB

In this model, you can test the bridge with Windows 9x networking, or, specifically, NetBEUI. Without actual traffic, the RSRB will stay in a closed state. When the RSRB detects traffic, the bridge will transition from a closed state to an open state. In a lab environment, you can generate the traffic needed for the RSRB with Windows 9x configured using NetBEUI for file and print sharing. In a Windows 9x configuration, when the network neighborhood is browsed (or select Start, Find, Find...

Unequal Cost Load Balancing

IGRP has the capability to use unequal-cost load balancing. The router uses variance as a multiplier in choosing the upper boundary of path with the greatest metric. Configuring unequal-cost load balancing is a three-step process Step 1. Configure the bandwidth on both sides of all the interfaces involved in the load-sharing group. Use the bandwidth kbps command to accomplish this. Step 2. Define the lowest-cost metric and the highest-cost metric. From these values, compute the variance...

Figure 210 VLAN Trunking and STP

It is a common misconception that VLAN pruning will solve STP issues. But VLAN pruning affects only user traffic specifically broadcast, m g ast, and flooded unicast traffic. Basically, STP constructs the path that data can flow on, and pruning controls the broadcast data that flows on that path. Cisco offers two effective ways for dealing with excessive broadcasts and STP Clearing VLANs from trunks Clearing VLANs off a trunk essentially removes those VLANs from the Spanning Tree topology for...

Example 227 Clearing a Trunk of VLANs

Yin(config-if) switchport trunk allowed vlan remove 3-1001 Spanning tree 3 is executing the IEEE compatible Spanning Tree protocol Bridge Identifier has priority 32768, address 0004.275e.f5c2 Configured hello time 2, max age 20, forward delay 15 Current root has priority 32768, address 0004.275e.f0c2 Root port is 67, cost of root path is 4 Topology change flag set, detected flag not set, changes 4 Times hold 1, topology change 35, notification 2 hello 2, max age 20, forward delay 15 Timers...

Lab 17 Solution Discussion

Again, nothing special is going on with the Phoenix, Phoenix 2, and Minneapolis configurations. They are being used here only to generate routes. The bulk of the configuration commands needed for this lab are done with the Green Bay router. This lab hinted at the use of OSPF demand circuit, in that it asked the ISDN link to be brought up in the case of a loss of routes over the Frame Relay connection. If the lab had asked you to have the ISDN line come up in case of physical loss of...

EIGRP Summarization

Understanding EIGRP summarization and knowing how to effectively use it are absolutely vital to the design of large EIGRP networks. EIGRP scales very well, but when the number of routes starts to climb into the hundreds, extra care should be taken to control route propagation and the query range. As much as EIGRP is plug-and-play on small networks, it is not on large networks. The larger the network is, the more care should be taken to control how routes propagation. Summarization provides two...

EIGRP Manual Summarization or Route Aggregation

EIGRP manual summarization is critical to large EIGRP networks. It limits the EIGRP query and can significantly reduce the size of the routing table. There are essentially two ways to deploy manual summarization Advertise an summary address or aggregate address with the following interface command ip summary-address eigrp as_number summary_address address_mask Advertise a default route with the following interface command ip summary-address eigrp as_number 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0. This command causes...

Lab 23 Default Routing Route manipulation and Filtering in Eigrp Networks Part I

Most networks today are connected to the Internet in some form. Connecting to the Internet usually requires a default route to be propagated throughout the network. The following lab gives you practice in controlling routes and propagating a default route throughout EIGRP. Small groups of Internet coffee shops and their suppliers have pooled to leverage a common connection to the Internet. Solar Bucks Inc., G & S INC of Switzerland, and Barneys have decided to share common networks while...

The Access Server

You use the access server as the primary configuration device. From this device, you configure the other routers and switches through a reverse Telnet session. The Cisco routers that accomplish this function the most efficiently are the Cisco routers with the SCSI-II 68-pin async port and the eight-to-one octopus cable. The most common routers that provide this port are the following Cisco 2600 3600 with SCSI-II 68-pin 16 32-port async port Any Cisco router might be configured for asynchronous...

Example 1513 Configuring the Addresses and Protocols to Be Translated

Jpms_router(config) ip nat inside source route-map trans_nat pool legalpool jpms_router(config) route-map trans_nat permit 10 jpms_router(config-route-map) match ip address 101 jpms_router(config-route-map) exit jpms_router(config) access-list 101 permit icmp 9.3.3.0 0.0.0.255 host 200.100.1.18 echo jpms_router(config) access-list 101 permit icmp 9.3.3.0 0.0.0.255 host 200.100.1.18 echo-reply jpms_router(config) access-list 101 permit tcp 9.3.3.0 0.0.0.255 host 200.100.1.18 eq ftp jpms...

Example 728 Using the show ip ospf interface Command

Remote Site show ip ospf interface bri0 BRI0 is up, line protocol is up (spoofing) Internet Address 175.10.23.1 29, Area 0 Process ID 1, Router ID 175.10.101.1, Network Type POINT_TO_POINT, Cost 9999 Configured as demand circuit. Run as demand circuit. DoNotAge LSA allowed. Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State POINT_TO_POINT, Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40, Retransmit 5 Hello due in 00 00 01 Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1 Adjacent with neighbor 175.10.102.1...

Building the Framework for Internetwork Modeling Configuring Key Components

Every model that you construct in this book starts from a similar framework. Most models involve one or more LANs and WANs of course, routers and hubs are needed for this. You also need a device for local or remote access to the model, along with a test application to run or test the model. Thus, your framework for most models consist of routers, hubs, a Frame Relay switch, an access server, and a couple of workstations. From this framework, you build and design many models, making only subtle...

Example 158 The Line Configuration for a Modem and show line Command in

Skynet_access(config) enable password cisco * Allows privileged access skynet_access(config-line) transport input all * Allows terminal sessions skynet_access(config-line) modem inout * Configures the modem skynet_access(config-line) modem autoconfigure discovery for autodetection skynet_access show line 5 Tty Typ Tx Rx A Modem Roty AccO AccI Uses Noise Overruns Int 5 TTY 115200 115200- inout - - - 0 1 0 0 - Line 5, Location , Type Length 24 lines, Width 80 columns Baud rate (TX RX) is 115200...

Figure 625 Common Channel Signaling TypesCCS

This section lists each Cisco voice-capable router and gives a brief description of its multiservice voice data integration. We will cover the Cisco 1750, Cisco MC3810, Cisco 2600, Cisco 3600, and Cisco 7200 series routers. The Voice Network Modules for the Cisco 2600 and 3600 series support up to two voice interface cards that come in three different types. Each of these provides a slightly different interface for connecting to different types of equipment Foreign exchange office (FXO) The FXO...

Clearing and Changing NAT Translations

NAT TCP translations will time out after a default of 24 hours. You can change the timeout values on a per-protocol basis with the following commands ip nat translation timeout seconds Specifies the timeout value that applies to dynamic translation, except for ones with overload translations. The default is 86,400 seconds, or 24 hours. ip nat translation udp-timeout seconds Specifies the timeout value of UDP translations. The default is 300 seconds, or 5 minutes. ip nat translation dns-timeout...

Test Hosts and Data Simulation

The ultimate goal of all networks is to transport data from one place to another. Without data to transport, there would be no need for networks. To ensure that any model is working properly, test data is always required. Networking has no exception to this rule. Without test data of some sort, it would be difficult to test many networking features. Features such as remote source-route bridging (RSRB) actually need to send and receive data before the RSRB becomes active. A data-link switching...

Configuring Microsoft Windows 9598 Networking

The goal of all internetworking is to reliably transfer data from one network to another. Therefore, no model could be called reliable if it were not properly tested with real data and real applications. Therefore, the last components needed to completely model the internetwork are test data and test applications. As previously mentioned, the entire Microsoft Windows OS line, Windows 95 98 2000 and NT, provides all the network protocols needed to test many network models. The two protocols that...

TCPIP is the protocol you use to connect to ihe Internet and widearea networks

In the TCP IP Properties window, click the IP Address tab at the top. Then click Specify an IP Address, and enter the address in the field provided. Step 7. For IP to work properly, you must also add a default gateway. The default gateway should be the IP address of a router on the same LAN segment. This router handles all of the workstation's requests that are not local. To configure a default gateway, click the Gateway tab and enter the appropriate IP address. Step 8. Finally, to use...

Configuring Bridging and Data Link Switching Plus

Most of the early protocols were designed without explicit network addresses. For that reason, the protocol does not have the same concept of traditional Layer 3 that we have grown to love. Protocols without explicit network layer addresses, by definition, are called nonroutable or bridged protocols. Some examples of common bridged protocols are IBM Systems Network Architecture (SNA), NetBEUI, NetBIOS, and DEC LAT. The most commonly used bridged protocols today are SNA and NetBEUI. IBM's SNA is...

Example 134 show spanningtree Command on the enterprise Router

Bridge group 1 is executing the IEEE compatible Spanning Tree protocol Bridge Identifier has priority 100, address 00e0.1e58.e798 Configured hello time 2, max age 20, forward delay 15 We are the root of the spanning tree Topology change flag not set, detected flag not set Times hold 1, topology change 35, notification 2 hello 2, max age 20, forward delay 15 Timers hello 0, topology change 0, notification 0 bridge aging time 300 Port 8 (Ethernet2) of Bridge group 1 is forwarding Port path cost...

Figure 1329 LLC2 with Local Acknowledgment

As mentioned, DLSW+ provides a method of transport for SNA, NetBIOS, and NetBEUI over TCP IP. DLSW+ refers to routers as peers. When the TCP or other transport protocol makes a connection with another router, it is called a peer connection. When this type of peer connection is formed, a DLSw circuit is established between the two end stations. Data between the two end stations is passed on the circuit. A single peer can support multiple circuits. DLSW+ supports the following circuit types SNA...