CCDA

Case Study Answers Case Study 3 Medi Bill Services

1 Characterize the traffic between the remote offices and MediBill. Internet traffic, email traffic, and database transfer traffic. 2 What type of router would you recommend for Internet access to MediBill An access router such as a 2500 or a 2600 would be ideal because there is a line speed of T1. A 2600 would be necessary over a 2500 if the client needed a CSU DSU. The 2500 access routers do not support one. 3 If the Internet access router were to be upgraded to support two T1s using Border...

Cisco Config Maker

Cisco ConfigMaker is a Microsoft Windows application used to configure a small network of Cisco routers (800, l000, l600, l700, 2500, 2600, 3600, and 4000 series), switches, hubs, and other network devices from a single PC, without requiring knowledge of Cisco IOS. Cisco ConfigMaker assists in configuring IPSec, IOS Firewall, voice, Network Address Translation (NAT), Committed Access Rate (CAR), Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), and other Cisco IOS features. Cisco ConfigMaker is...

Fiber Distributed Data Interface

Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) was developed for the transmission of data over fiber at 100 Mbps. The standard is governed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). FDDI is deployed in a dual-ring topology. Each dual-attached station (DAS) attaches to both rings the second ring is on standby. If there is a failure of a station or a link on the ring, a ring wrap occurs, creating a single ring for continued communication. Access to the ring is by the use of a token (as in...

Do I Know This Already Quiz

The questions in the following quiz are designed to help you gauge how well you know the material covered in this chapter. Compare your answers with those found in Appendix A, Answers to Quiz Questions. If you answered most or all of the questions thoroughly and correctly, you might want to skim the chapter and proceed to the Q& A section at the end of the chapter. If you find that you need to review only certain subject matter, search the chapter for those sections that cover the objectives...

Novell Application Services

The CCDA objectives covered in this section are as follows 8 Determine the customer's requirements for new applications, protocols, number of users, peak usage hours, security, and network management. 9 Diagram the flow of information for new applications. 12 Predict the amount of traffic and the type of traffic caused by the applications, given charts that characterize typical network traffic. In the Novell IPX environment, network resources advertise their services using the Service...

Benefits of Hierarchical Models

The many benefits of using hierarchical models for your network design include the following After adopting hierarchical design models, many organizations report cost savings because they are no longer trying to do it all in one routing switching platform. The modular nature of the model enables appropriate use of bandwidth within each layer of the hierarchy, reducing wasted capacity. Keeping each design element simple and small facilitates ease of understanding, which helps control training...

Addressing Scheme

When assigning addresses to areas, networks, subnetworks, and end stations, it is important to maintain an addressing scheme that can scale as the company grows. Hierarchical network design begins with the addressing scheme. Routers cannot summarize routes if the networks are not assigned within bit boundaries. Assume, for example, that network 172.17.0.0 16 will be used in a medium- to large-sized company with nine areas. Each area could have several sites. How can the network be divided...

Do I Know This Already Quiz Answers

1 What types of questions would you ask to determine a client's application requirements A CCDA should be prepared to ask the following questions to assess a client's application needs What applications are being used on the network How many users are there per application What new applications are being introduced What are the traffic flows of these applications At what time of the day are these applications used 2 What are samples of business constraints on design How the project will affect...

How Subnet Masks Are Used to Determine the Network Number

The router performs a set process to determine the network (or more specifically, the subnetwork) address to which a packet should be forwarded. First, the router extracts the IP destination address from the incoming packet and retrieves the internal subnet mask. It then performs a logical AND operation to obtain the network number. This causes the host portion of the IP destination address to be removed, while the destination subnetwork number remains. The router then looks up the destination...

OSPF Router Types

OSPF introduces several router types related to their place in the area architecture. Figure 6-5 displays a diagram of OSPF router types. The following is a list of explanations for each router type shown in Figure 6-5 Internal router All routers whose interfaces belong to the same OSPF area. These routers keep only one link-state database. Area border router (ABR) Routers that are connected to more than one area. These routers maintain a link-state database for each area to which they belong....

Case Study 1 Answers Cicala and Rosado Law Firm

1 What can be said about the network health of the Ethernet and WAN segments The network health is poor. Ethernet network utilization over 40 percent is not recommended. WAN links over 70 percent utilization should be upgraded to higher speeds. Figure 9-4 shows the existing Cicala and Rosado law firm network. Figure 9-4 Cicala and Rosado Law Firm Existing Network Houston r -C_ 233.10.1.128 26 Dallas 3 What applications are being used Microsoft Office suite applications, WWW and HTTP...

Data Exchange Interface See DXI

Layer 5 of the SNA architectural model. This layer determines and manages interactions between session partners, particularly data flow. Corresponds to the session layer of the OSI model. See also data link control layer, path control layer, physical control layer, presentation services layer, transaction services layer, and transmission control layer. datagram. A logical grouping of information sent as a network layer unit over a transmission medium without prior...

Apple Talk Protocols

There are two protocols at the network layer AppleTalk Address-Resolution Protocol (AARP) Associates AppleTalk network addresses with hardware addresses Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP) Provides a best-effort connectionless datagram service between AppleTalk sockets Five key implementations exist at the transport layer of the AppleTalk protocol suite Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP) Responsible for establishing and maintaining routing tables for AppleTalk routers. RTMP is a...

Case Study 2 Pages Magazine

Phillips is the newly appointed Director of IT at Pages Magazine, Inc. Pages Magazine realizes that to aggressively compete in its market, this company needs changes to its infrastructure that will support new applications and Internet access, allowing them to increase their productivity and to follow market trends. Pages wants to use the Internet to gain clients and find new opportunities. Ms. Phillips is faced with many options but needs your help in developing a solution that is both...

Assessing the Customers Corporate Profile Information

Assessing the corporate profile information will help you characterize the type of business and your customer's business constraints. Understanding your customer's network means understanding your customer's business. The profiling data will help you determine the following Business goals and business type Determine what type of business your customer is engaged in and what the company's major business goals are for the future. The growth of a company will differ from one to another try to...

Simple Network Management Protocol

The SNMP is an application-layer protocol that facilitates the exchange of management information between network devices. It is part of the TCP IP protocol suite. SNMP enables network administrators to manage network performance, find and solve network problems, and plan for network growth. Two versions of SNMP exist SNMP Version 1 (SNMPvl) and SNMP Version 2 (SNMPv2). Both versions have a number of features in common, but SNMPv2 offers enhancements, such as additional protocol operations....

FDDI Frame Format

The FDDI frame format is similar to the format of a Token Ring frame. FDDI frames can be as large as 4500 bytes. There is a token and a data frame format. Figures D-15 and D-16 show these formats. The following is an explanation of the fields in Figures D-15 and D-16 Preamble Used to prepare a station for an incoming frame. SD (starting delimiter) Used to indicate that an incoming frame follows. FC (frame control) Contains control information. Used to indicate whether this is a data or token...

Source Route Bridging

IBM developed SRB in the mid-eighties as a way to bridge between Token Ring local-area networks (LANs). In SRB, the source determines the route to arrive at the destination node before sending an information frame to it. This differs from Ethernet transparent bridging, where the bridges build and maintain tables containing paths to data-link layer destinations. In SRB, the source node acquires the routes to destinations on the network using explorer frames. In Figure 3-1, when a source node...

American Standard Code for Information Interchange See ASCII

Line-code type used on T1 and E1 circuits. In AMI, zeros are represented by 01 during each bit cell, and ones are represented by 11 or 00, alternately, during each bit cell. AMI requires that the sending device maintain ones density. Ones density is not maintained independent of the data stream. Sometimes called binary coded alternate mark inversion. See also ones density. amplitude. The maximum value of an analog or a digital waveform. amplitude modulation. See...

Step 12 Summarize the Health of the Existing Network

The network health checklist presented in Table 2-6 can help you make some quick assessments on the overall health of the network Although these numbers are guidelines, it's important for the exam that you refer to these guidelines when answering the questions. Many guidelines need to be tempered by taking into account the environment you are comparing. Therefore, when you compare your findings to the health list, remember to also document the reason for the deviation. No shared Ethernet...

Packet Voice

With the converging of data and voice networks, the introduction of packet voice technology provides the means for companies to save toll charges on voice telephone calls. Voice is digitized into packets, cells, or frames, is sent as data throughout the networks, and is then converted back to analog voice (see Figure 3-10). Calls are placed on telephones attached to routers. The routers digitize the voice and then forward the calls on the WAN links. If it is determined that sufficient bandwidth...

Foundation Summary

Foundation Summary is a section presented in a concise format to provide quick reference information relating to the objectives covered in this chapter. Source-route bridging (SRB) Explorer frames used to find route to destination. RIF field contains ring bridge route descriptors. Provides a way to send SNA and NetBIOS frames over an IP network. Can control SNA explorer and NetBIOS NAME_QUERY frames. NetBIOS over NetBUEI cannot be routed. NetBIOS over TCP IP is more scalable than NetBIOS over...

The OSI Model

Because sending data, like an e-mail, involves doing so many things, a standards committee the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) came up with a list of these functions and divided them into seven categories. These categories are collectively known as the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) seven-layer model. It represents everything that must happen in order to send data. It doesn't say how these things are to be done, just what needs to be done. Figure C-1 illustrates the...

Resource Reservation Protocol

The Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) is a network control protocol that enables Internet applications to obtain special qualities of service (QoSs) for their data flows. RSVP is not a routing protocol instead, it works in conjunction with routing protocols and installs the equivalent of dynamic access lists along the routes that routing protocols calculate. RSVP occupies the place of a transport protocol in the OSI seven-layer model. In RSVP, a data flow is a sequence of messages that have...

Differentiating Performance Tests Versus Real Network Performance

What comprises a performance test How does one interpret results How does one compare the results to any realistic performance requirements The more common performance tests include blasting traffic from an input port to an output port of a device. For a given device, injecting traffic through multiple input ports to multiple output ports on the same device gives aggregate performance numbers. Usually, these tests are performed on Ethernet because Ethernet-based testers were the first...

Emulated LAN See ELAN

A function of an NCP that enables it to perform activities equivalent to those performed by a transmission control unit. EN. end node. An APPN end system that implements the PU 2.1, provides end-user services, and supports sessions between local and remote CPs. ENs are not capable of routing traffic and rely on an adjacent NN for APPN services. Compare with NN. See also CP. encapsulation. The wrapping of data in a particular protocol header. For example, Ethernet data is wrapped...

Enterprise System Connection channel See ESCON channel

Generally, an individual, manageable network device. Sometimes called an alias. EOT. end of transmission. Generally, a character that signifies the end of a logical group of characters or bits. EPROM. erasable programmable read-only memory. Nonvolatile memory chips that are programmed after they are manufactured and, if necessary, can be erased by some means and reprogrammed. Compare with EEPROM and PROM. equalization. A technique used to compensate for communications channel...

Corporation for Research and Educational Networking See CREN

An indication of how an upper-layer protocol requires that a lower-layer protocol treat its messages. In SNA subarea routing, COS definitions are used by subarea nodes to determine the optimal route to establish a given session. A COS definition comprises a virtual route number and a transmission priority field. Also called TOS (type of service). 2. Corporation for Open Systems. An organization that promulgates the use of OSI protocols through conformance testing,...

Case Study 2 Answers Big Oil and

1 What possible solutions can be used to reduce SAP traffic over the WAN Possible solutions include the following Access lists could be used to control the broadcasted SAPs. Enhanced IGRP could be used to route IPX over the WAN. NLSP could be used to route IPX. 2 If the remote locations need to see only four corporate file servers, what type of filter can be used An IPX SAP filter (range 1000 to 1099) should be used on outbound WAN links to permit the list of servers. 3 What network management...

Cisco 2500 Series Access Routers Servers

The Cisco 2500 series of routers is the world's most popular brand of branch office router, providing a variety of models designed for branch office and remote site environments. Cisco 2500 series key features include the following Full suite of Cisco IOS software ClickStart software, providing installation in minutes using any Web browser from any desktop platform CiscoWorks Windows software, allowing remote management and maintenance from a central location Flash and DRAM memory upgrade...

Net Ware Protocol Suite

NetWare is a network operating system (NOS) that provides transparent remote file access and numerous other distributed network services, including printer sharing and support for various applications, such as electronic mail transfer and database access. NetWare specifies the upper five layers of the OSI reference model and, as such, runs on virtually any media-access protocol (layer 2). Additionally, NetWare runs on virtually any kind of computer system, from PCs to mainframes. Introduced in...

Cisco Micro Webserver Key Features

The following are the Cisco Micro Webserver key features Stackable, small footprint can be used standalone or stacked with other Cisco Networked Office Stack products. Easy to set up and install, with color-coded cables, Quick Start flow chart, and Administrative Wizard. Real-time HTTP 1.1-compliant kernel that prevents hacking and adds no operating system management overhead. 2.1 GB internal hard drive that enhances Web authoring, content creation, and information dissemination and transfer....

Cisco Micro Webserver Customers

The Cisco Micro Webserver is best when a customer needs to accomplish the following To host a Web site on the Internet To publish Web pages on the Internet To facilitate intraoffice communications (Micro Webserver acts as an intranet server) To share information with clients and partners (Micro Webserver acts as an extranet server) To create a Web-based document server To achieve minimal management To achieve low cost of ownership To achieve quick and easy setup and configuration Key benefits...

Cisco AS5x00 Series Key Features

Key features of the AS5x00 series include the following Supports the full suite of Cisco IOS software Services and terminates asynchronous and digital (ISDN) calls with one standalone AS5x00 and one phone number Combines LAN, WAN, and asynchronous line support in a single package Supports up to 60 (AS5200 in E1 configuration) or 120 (AS5300 in E1 configuration) integrated modems Supports all protocols and services on all asynchronous ports, as well as asynchronous routing and reverse Telnet...

Checking the Propagation Delay

To determine whether configurations other than the standard ones shown in Figure 4-15 will work, use the following information from the IEEE 802.3u specification. To check a path to make sure the path delay value (PDV) does not exceed 512 bit times, add up the following delays A safety margin (0 to 5 bit times) Use the following steps to calculate the PDV 1 Determine the delay for each link segment this is the link segment delay value (LSDV), including interrepeater links, using the following...

Using Cisco IOS Commands to Test the Prototype or Pilot

Table 8-5 lists the recommended IOS commands and the results they would yield. These are only a subset of the Cisco IOS commands that are available for a full listing of Cisco IOS commands, refer to the CCO Web site or the Cisco Documentation CD-ROM. Table 8-5 Cisco IOS Commands Used for Testing a Prototype or Pilot Shows data link layer errors, router errors (such as dropped or ignored packets), and broadcast rates Shows router CPU usage and CPU time used by processes Is used to troubleshoot...

Adaptive differential pulse code modulation See ADPCM

See dynamic routing. ADCCP. Advanced Data Communications Control Protocol. An ANSI standard bit-oriented data link control protocol. address. A data structure or logical convention used to identify a unique entity, such as a particular process or network device. addressed call mode. A mode that permits control signals and commands to establish and terminate calls in V.25bis. See also V.25bis. address mapping. A technique that allows different protocols to interoperate by...

Data Link Switching Plus

Data-link switching (DLSw) is documented in RFC 1795. IBM originally submitted it to the IETF as RFC 1434, to overcome some of the limitations on SRB networks, especially in WANs. The Cisco implementation of DLSw is called DLSw Plus (DLSw+). Some of the benefits of implementing DLSw+ are that link-layer acknowledgements and keep-alive messages of SNA and NetBIOS traffic do not have to travel through the WAN. Also, DLSw+ traffic can be rerouted around link failures and can be prioritized on WAN...

Minimizing Downtime

In addition to facilitating load balancing, redundant routes minimize network downtime. As already discussed, you should keep bandwidth consistent within a given layer of a hierarchy to facilitate load balancing. Another reason to keep bandwidth consistent within a layer of a hierarchy is that routing protocols converge much faster if multiple equal-cost paths to a destination network exist. By using redundant, meshed network designs, you can minimize the effect of link failures. Depending on...

Cisco 2600 Series Access Routers

The Cisco 2600 series modular access router offers a new level of flexibility and investment protection for the remote branch office. The Cisco 2600 series offers network managers and service providers an attractively priced solution for extending the versatility, integration, and power of the Cisco 3600 series to smaller, remote branch offices. The Cisco 2600 shares modular interfaces with the Cisco 1600 and 3600 series, offering a solution both for today's remote branch office needs and for...

Three Part Firewall System

The classic firewall system, called the three-part firewall system, has the following three specialized layers, as shown in Figure 4-10 An isolation LAN that is a buffer between the corporate internetwork and the outside world. (The isolation LAN is called the demilitarized zone (DMZ) in some literature.) A router that acts as an inside packet filter between the corporate internetwork and the isolation LAN. Another router that acts as an outside packet filter between the isolation LAN and the...

Logical IP Addresses

An IP address is a unique 32-bit logical number assigned to a network device. IP addresses are network-layer (Layer 3) addresses and are represented in dotted decimal format. With the exclusion of address ranges documented in RFC 1918 for private use, all addresses on the Internet must be unique. Each 8 bits are represented with a decimal format. In Figure 6-1, the binary IP addresses is represented in dotted decimal format as 161.8.73.84. Figure 6-1 Binary IP Address and Dotted Decimal Format...

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

Until the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) was developed, automatic assignment of IP addresses to hosts was virtually obsolete. The only method available was BOOTP (RFC 0951), which required knowledge of the MAC layer address and preconfiguration of the IP address for a particular MAC on a BOOTP server before the station could get an address. If a station had to be moved from one subnet to another, the BOOTP server had to be reconfigured. DHCP (RFC 2131 1541 1531) solved these...

TCPIP Transport Layer

At the transport layer (Layer 4), two transport protocols are defined Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Provides connection-oriented, end-to-end reliable transmission of data in an IP environment. Connection establishment is performed by using a three-way handshake mechanism. A three-way handshake synchronizes both ends of a connection by allowing both sides to agree upon initial sequence numbers. This mechanism also guarantees that both sides are ready to transmit data and know that the...

Appendix E Cisco Small and Medium Business Solution Guide 556

Cisco Branch Office Connectivity Solutions 557 Cisco Telecommuting and Remote User Solutions 562 Cisco Internet and Intranet Solutions 566 Cisco High-Performance LAN Solutions 571 Cisco Networked Office Stack 576 Cisco Access Routers and Servers Overview 578 Key Features of Cisco IOS Software Supported by Cisco Routers and Servers 578 Cisco Access Router and Access Server Summarization 581 Cisco 1000 Series Access Routers 584 Cisco 1600 Series Access Routers 586 Cisco 2500 Series Access Routers...

Cisco Branch Office Connectivity Solutions

Communication becomes challenging for small- and medium-sized companies with branch offices, warehouses, or business partners located in various geographical areas. These companies frequently need to share customer information, check inventory, look up sales data, transfer files, process invoices, and exchange e-mail. The integration of voice and data traffic over shared WAN lines can save companies significant amounts of money. Still, a dispersed organization cannot communicate effectively and...

QA Answers

1 What protocol encapsulates AppleTalk packets in UDP for transport over an IP network AppleTalk Update-Based Tunneling Protocol (AURP) 2 What is the subnet address for host 150.76.78.71 with a mask of 255.255.255.224 150.76.78.64 3 This routing protocol defines areas, domains, and supports hierarchical addressing. NetWare Link-Services Protocol (NLSP) OSPF does not define domains Area border router. Used in OSPF, ABRs connect OSPF areas to Area 0 and perform route summarization. 5 Which...

Routing Information Protocol

Routing Information Protocol (RIP) version 1 is defined in RFC 1058. This is a distance vector routing protocol that uses hop count as a metric. The maximum hop count is 15, with 16 registering as unreachable. RIP is a classfull protocol and does not support VLSM or authentication. RIP routers send updates to their neighbors every 30 seconds. RIP was designed for smaller networks, usually implemented in UNIX environments. RIP routers expect to see routes from their neighbors every 30 seconds....

Net Ware Routing and Service Advertisement Protocols

IPX uses the following protocols for routing and service advertisement IPX Routing Information Protocol (RIP) A distance vector routing protocol that sends routing updates every 60 seconds. To make best-path routing decisions, IPX RIP uses a tick as the metric, which in principle is the delay expected when using a particular length. One tick is 1 18th of a second. In the case of two paths with an equal tick count, IPX RIP uses the hop count as a tie breaker. Service Advertisement Protocol (SAP)...

Key Features of Cisco IOS Software Supported by Cisco Routers and Servers

This section summarizes the features of the Cisco IOS software. Cisco IOS technologies deliver bandwidth optimization with these features Dial-on-demand routing Minimizes ownership cost by allowing a router to automatically initiate and close a circuit-switched session. increases network throughput by allowing a router to automatically establish a new, load-sharing connection to the destination in response to a definable load level. Snapshot routing Serves as a routing update mechanism that...

Media Redundancy

In mission-critical applications, it is often necessary to provide redundant media. In switched networks, switches can have redundant links to each other. This redundancy is good because it minimizes downtime, but it may result in broadcasts continuously circling the network, which is called a broadcast storm. Because Cisco switches implement the IEEE 802.1d Spanning-Tree Algorithm, this looping can be avoided in the Spanning-Tree Protocol. The Spanning-Tree Algorithm guarantees that only one...

Foundation Topics LAN Topology Design

The CCDA objectives covered in this section are as follows 13 Describe the advantages, disadvantages, scalability issues, and applicability of standard internetwork topologies. 14 Draw a topology map that meets the customer's needs and includes a highlevel view of internetworking devices and interconnecting media. This section covers CCDA exam objectives about designing network topologies for the LAN. LANs provide data transfer rates that are typically much faster than wide-area networks...

Ethernet Design Rules

Table 4-1 provides scalability information that you can use when provisioning IEEE 802.3 networks. Table 4-1 Scalability Constraints for IEEE 802.3 Table 4-1 Scalability Constraints for IEEE 802.3 (Continued) Table 4-1 Scalability Constraints for IEEE 802.3 (Continued) Maximum Number of Attachments per Segment 2500 meters of 5 segments and 4 repeaters only 3 segments can be populated 2500 meters of 5 segments and 4 repeaters only 3 segments can be populated 2500 meters of 5 segments and 4...

CCIE Professional Development

Kennedy Clark, CCIE Kevin Hamilton, CCIE 1-57870-094-9 AVAILABLE NOW This volume provides an in-depth analysis of Cisco LAN switching technologies, architectures, and deployments, including unique coverage of Catalyst network design essentials. Network designs and configuration examples are incorporated throughout to demonstrate the principles and enable easy translation of the material into practice in production networks. Alvaro Retana, CCIE Don Slice, CCIE and Russ White, CCIE 1-57870-097-3...

BaseT Repeaters

For a 100 Mbps Ethernet to work, you must impose distance limitations based on the type of repeaters used. The IEEE 100BaseT specification defines two types of repeaters Class I and Class II. Class I repeaters have a latency (delay) of 0.7 microseconds or less. Only one repeater hop is allowed. Class II repeaters have a latency (delay) of 0.46 microseconds or less. One or two repeater hops are allowed. Table 4-3 shows the maximum size of collision domains, depending on the type of repeater....

BaseT Fast Ethernet

The IEEE developed the 802.3u in 1995 to provide Ethernet speeds of 100 Mbps over UTP and fiber cabling. The 100BaseT standard is similar to 10 Mbps Ethernet in that it uses CSMA CD runs on Cat 3, 4, and 5 UTP cable and the frame formats are preserved. Connectivity still uses hubs, repeaters, and bridges. The difference is that the encoding changed from Manchester to 4B 5B with nonreturn to zero (NRZ), the new speed is 100 Mbps, and the Media Independent Interface (MII) was introduced as a...

Cisco High Performance LAN Solutions

Small- and medium-sized businesses must be sure that their networks provide quick, reliable access to applications and data, which are the keys to success in today's highly competitive, increasingly global economy. Today's business applications require high-bandwidth networks. Businesses also require more powerful network technologies that are capable of intelligently and efficiently managing traffic flow. Traditional hub-centric LANs can no longer support...

Cisco Ethernet and Fast Ethernet Switches Summarization

Table E-18 summarizes Ethernet and Fast Ethernet switches for the workgroup or desktop. Table E-18 Ethernet and Fast Ethernet Switches Workgroup Desktop Configura 10BaseT 100BaseT BaseT Other -tion Port X Port Port Technolo- Product Product Design Cisco 1548 Low-cost, small Micro Switch workgroup 10 100 10 100 switch 1912 Affordable workgroup switch for lower-density requirements Table E-18 Ethernet and Fast Ethernet Switches Workgroup Desktop (Continued) Switched Switched Switched 10 100...

Fast Step Key Features

The following are the Fast Step key features Enables auto-discovery of the router Loads the initial IP address Prefills fields with most common defaults Guides user through entry of LAN WAN parameters, ISDN parameters, and security parameters Makes initial connection to Internet or intranet Monitors items such as call duration, errors, and disconnected calls 4B 5B coding, Fast Ethernet (100BaseT), 547-548 8B 10B coding, Gigabit Ethernet, 549 8-byte 10-byte local fiber, 361 10 Mbps Ethernet...

Variable Length Subnet Masks

Using one of the subnets from Table 6-4 on a point-to-point serial link would be a waste of IP addresses. Only two addresses are needed on a point-to-point serial link therefore, more than 4000 addresses would be wasted. Variable-length subnet masks (VLSMs) provide the capability to use different masks in a network for different segments. Large LANs could use a 23 mask, for example, for 510 hosts. A serial link could use a 30 mask for two hosts (routers). Not all routing protocols support VLSM...

Selecting a WAN Technology

The CCDA objectives covered in this section are the following 18 Recognize scalability constraints and issues for standard WAN 20 Recommend Cisco products and WAN technologies that will meet the customer's requirements for performance, capacity, and scalability in an enterprise network. To simplify the process for choosing the right WAN technology, Table 5-1 summarizes important aspects of common WAN technologies into a reference chart. Table 5-1 contains information on which technology is the...

Other WAN Technologies and Design Factors

There are three basic WAN technology categories Leased lines, also known as point-to-point links, are permanent connections established between two customer end points through a carrier's WAN. Usually these types of links are for private use by the customer for the duration of their lease or contract. Circuit switching is a technology used by ISDN. This is where the carrier establishes a physical circuit for the length of the session. This type of technology is similar to establishing a phone...

Channel service unit See CSU

Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol. A security feature supported on lines using PPP encapsulation that prevents unauthorized access. CHAP does not itself prevent unauthorized access it merely identifies the remote end. The router or access server then determines whether that user is allowed access. Compare with PAP. chat script. A string of text that defines the login conversation that occurs between two systems. It consists of expect-send pairs that define the string the local...

Clear To Send See CTS

A node or software program (front-end device) that requests services from a server. See also back end, front end, and server. client server computing. Computing (processing) network systems in which transaction responsibilities are divided into two parts client (front end) and server (back end). Both terms (client and server) can be applied to software programs or actual computing devices. Also called distributed computing (processing). Compare with peer-to-peer computing. See also RPC....

DS1 domestic trunk interface See DS1DTI

DS-1 domestic trunk interface. An interface circuit used for DS-1 applications with 24 trunks. DS-3. digital signal level 3. A framing specification used for transmitting digital signals at 44.736 Mbps on a T3 facility. Compare with DS-0 and DS-1. See also E3 and T3. DSAP. destination service access point. The SAP of the network node designated in the Destination field of a packet. Compare with SSAP. See also SAP (service access point). DSP. domain-specific part. The part of a CLNS...

Apple Talk Address Resolution Protocol See AARP

AppleTalk Remote Access. See ARA. AppleTalk Transaction Protocol. See ATP. AppleTalk Update-Based Routing Protocol. See AURP. AppleTalk zone. See zone. application layer. Layer 7 of the OSI reference model. This layer provides services to application processes (such as electronic mail, file transfer, and terminal emulation) that are outside the OSI model. The application layer identifies and establishes the availability of intended communication partners (and...

Cisco Networked Office Stack

Cisco Networked Office Stack is a flexible suite of products designed for small offices to provide secure access to the Internet and to link users and offices so that they can easily share resources such as applications, documents, and printers. The Cisco Networked Office Stack extends a company's reach to customers and suppliers and accelerates the sharing of information and resources, making the office network a strategic competitive asset. The Cisco Networked Office Stack products work...

Router Performance Design and Implementation Guide

This Router Performance Design and Implementation Guide was originally written by Merike Kaeo from the Enterprise Technical Marketing group at Cisco. It has been edited here for formatting. With the proliferation of Cisco router products in the past few years and the ever-increasing features and functionality available, understanding some of the intricate interworkings of these devices is necessary to design optimal performance networks. In the early days of routers, raw packet-per-second...

Step 8 Characterize the Existing Network Reliability

Both Step 8, Characterize the Existing Network Reliability, and Step 9, Characterize Network Utilization, require understanding network traffic to capture accurate data. The section Step 4 Identify Potential Bottlenecks, earlier in this chapter, introduced some tools that help characterize the customer's network. Documenting network traffic can be the most time-consuming of all the data collections. This is primarily due to the time you need to devote to each segment to get accurate data....

Cisco Internet and Intranet Solutions

Small- and medium-sized companies seeking to remain competitive must leverage the Internet as a business asset. From simple electronic mail to marketing and customer service information, the Internet is changing the way everyone does business. Cisco solutions support a variety of Internet and intranet applications. At its most basic, Internet access is the process of connecting a private local-area network to the Internet. Most small- and medium-sized businesses rely upon an Internet service...

Token Ring Frame Format

There are two types of frame formats data command frames and token frames. These frames are displayed in Figures D-12 and D-13. Tokens are 3 bytes in length and consist of a start delimiter, an access control byte, and an end delimiter. Data command frames vary in size, depending on the size of the information field. Command frames contain control information and do not carry upper-layer protocols. The following is an explanation of the fields in Figures D-12 and D-13 SD (starting delimiter)...

Local Director Customers

LocalDirector is best when the customer needs the following Load-balancing TCP IP servers Web-based distribution of high-traffic Web sites High availability for mission-critical applications TN3270 sessions in an IBM environment Key benefits of LocalDirector are as follows Simple setup, with little disruption to network Scalable, to meet needs of the largest Web sites Elimination of all points of failure in a server farm Capability to add and remove servers transparently, for high availability...

Step 6 Characterize the Existing Network Availability

Another business constraint would be the cost associated with downtime. This is a very critical aspect of understanding the customer's business constraints. This information will affect how you plan and implement your network design. For example, if your customer is a publisher, he will have critical times during which his network cannot be down due to a publishing schedule. If this customer had a disruption in his network, it could affect whether he could publish his magazine for that month....

Access Lists

Access lists are primarily used to control (block or forward) traffic at router interfaces. The access list defines a criteria that is applied to every packet that is processed by the router for that interface. Access lists are also used to improve the performance of a network, such as to filter unnecessary IPX Service Advertising Protocol (SAP) broadcasts, or to filter routes in routing protocol redistribution. Two types of access lists exist standard and extended. Standard access lists allow...

Foundation Topics WAN Design Considerations

The CCDA objectives covered in this section are the following 2 Assemble Cisco product lines into an end-to-end networking solution. 20 Recommend Cisco products and WAN technologies that will meet the customer's requirements for performance, capacity, and scalability in an enterprise network. There are different requirements when choosing a technology for a WAN than when you are selecting LAN technology. The cost and speed are the critical factors for designing a WAN. WAN connections are high...

Provisioning the WAN

The CCDA objective covered in this section is the following 20 Recommend Cisco products and WAN technologies that will meet the customer's requirements for performance, capacity, and scalability in an enterprise network. Provisioning for WAN services means preparing to receive WAN services. The act of planning for WAN services is an essential component not only for this exam but for your internetwork design as well. This section covers line speeds, which is basic information needed for planning...

Diffusing Update Algorithm See DUAL

See DNA. digital signal level 0. See DS-0. digital signal level 1. See DS-1. digital signal level 3. See DS-3. Dijkstra's algorithm. See SPF. DIN. Deutsche Industrie Norm. A German national standards organization. DIN connector. Deutsche Industrie Norm connector. A multipin connector used in some Macintosh and IBM PC-compatible computers, and on some network processor panels. directed search. A search request sent to a specific node known to contain a resource. A...

Framework for Small to Medium Sized Network Design

The following CCDA objective is covered in this section 3 Upon completion of this introduction, you will be able to describe a framework you can use to simplify the complexities associated with analyzing customer network problems and creating Cisco scalable solutions. As you gather information from the customer, keep in mind that Cisco has proposed a framework to use when designing complex small to medium-sized networks. The framework proposes the following rules (which are summarized in Figure...

WAN Dialup Services

Dialup services offer cost-effective methods for connectivity across WANs. Two popular dialup implementations follow Dial-on-demand routing (DDR) A technique whereby a router can dynamically initiate and close a circuit-switched session as transmitting end stations demand. A router is configured to consider certain traffic interesting (such as traffic from a particular protocol) and other traffic uninteresting. When the router receives interesting traffic destined for a remote network, a...

Selecting the WAN Hardware

The CCDA objectives covered in this section are the following 19 Recognize scalability constraints and performance budgets for major Cisco products. 20 Recommend Cisco products and WAN technologies that will meet the customer's requirements for performance, capacity, and scalability in an enterprise network. Throughout this book there are checklists with questions and criteria to aid a designer in selecting a technology or method. Table 5-2 summarizes the criteria you need to understand to meet...

Firewall Services

The CCDA objectives covered in this section are as follows 8 Determine the customer's requirements for new applications, protocols, number of users, peak usage hours, security, and network management. 9 Diagram the flow of information for new applications. 12 Predict the amount of traffic and the type of traffic caused by the applications, given charts that characterize typical network traffic. A firewall is a system of devices and applications used to protect one network from another untrusted...

Documenting the Network Topology

Having a network topology map is crucial for understanding the existing network and formulating a basis for the new network design. Usually, the client will have some sort of network topology map. If not, make sure you create one and verify that the map is accurate with the client. Two basic types of network topology maps exist One is a logical map with generic router symbols and overall network layout. This type of map is an excellent way to overview traffic flow and LAN and WAN topologies. A...

Ethernet Version 2 Frame Format

Figure D-2 shows the Ethernet Version 2 frame format. The remainder of this section discusses the fields in the Ethernet Version 2 frame format. Figure D-2 Ethernet Version 2 Frame Format The preamble is a string of 1s and 0s, ending with 11, to indicate the beginning of the destination address (DA) field. The string of 1s and 0s is used by the transceiver to sync up to the receiving signal. The preamble is as follows 10101010 10101010 10101010 10101010 10101010 10101010 10101010 10101011 The...

Cisco Telecommuting and Remote User Solutions

As advances in digital communications shrink time and distance, a new model of the workplace is taking shape. The modern office is no longer contained within a structure instead, it is mobile and geographically scattered. The twenty-first century workplace is becoming any place where work is done. Companies must provide remote access to e-mail and other network resources to telecommuters and remote users. Telecommuting can be a valuable tool for recruiting and retaining key personnel in today's...

The CCDA Exam Objectives

Cisco lists the objectives for CCDA Exam on its Web site at testing pdf ccda.pdf. This list provides the most key information about what the test covers. Table I-1 lists these CCDA exam objectives and the corresponding chapters in this book that cover those objectives. Each chapter and each major section of the book begins with a listing of the objectives covered. Use these references as a road map to find the exact materials you need to study to master all the CCDA exam objectives. Table I-1...

Distance Vector Routing Protocols

The first routing protocols produced were distance vector routing protocols, and are occasionally referred to as Bellman-Ford or Ford-Fulkerson routing protocols, based on the work of R.E. Bellman, L.R. Ford, and D.R. Fulkerson. These protocols are simpler than linkstate protocols. In distance vector routing protocols, distance vector routes are advertised as vectors of distance and direction. The distance metric is usually router hop count. The direction is the next-hop router to forward the...

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) was developed by Cisco Systems in the mid-1980s to overcome the limitations of RIP. IGRP is not limited to the 15-hop count limit of RIP. Although not used as a metric, IGRP keeps track of the hop count, which has an upper limit of 255 hops. As with RIP, IGRP is a distance vector routing protocol that updates its neighbors in periodic fashion. IGRP is a classfull routing protocol and cannot implement VLSM. IGRP also summarizes addresses at network...

IBM Systems Network Architecture Protocols

IBM networking today consists of essentially two separate architectures that branch from a common origin. Before contemporary networks existed, IBM's Systems Network Architecture (SNA) ruled the networking landscape, so it is often referred to as traditional or legacy SNA. With the rise of personal computers, workstations, and client server computing, the need for a peer-based networking strategy was addressed by IBM with the creation of Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking (APPN) and Advanced...

Foundation Topics Device Naming Schemes

The following CCDA objective is covered in this section 23 Propose a naming scheme for servers, routers, and user stations. Having the right naming scheme can help the network staff know which device they are using without having to rely on a printed spreadsheet or other outside reference. Naming schemes can be functional or geographical, or they can just follow a random scheme, such as a movie or mythological scheme. For very small networks, you could use a naming system such as Sneezy,...

Cisco PIX Firewall

No required downtime for installation No required upgrading of hosts or routers No necessary day-to-day management Cisco's PIX Firewall is a hardware device that offers the features in the preceding list, as well as full outbound Internet access from unregistered internal hosts. IP addresses can be assigned from the private ranges, as defined in RFC 1918 (available at The PIX Firewall uses a protection scheme called Network Address Translation (NAT), which allows internal users access to the...

Cisco Career Certifications

CCNA Exam Certification Guide Wendell Odom, CCIE 0-7357-0073-7 AVAILABLE NOW This book is a comprehensive study tool for CCNA Exam 640-407 and part of a recommended study program from Cisco Systems. CCNA Exam Certification Guide helps you understand and master the exam objectives. Instructor-developed elements and techniques maximize your retention and recall of exam topics, and scenario-based exercises help validate your mastery of the exam objectives. Cisco Systems, Inc., edited by Laura...

Foundation Topics Determining the Appropriate Test Plan

The following CCDA objectives are covered in this section 8 Determine the customer's requirements for new applications, protocols, number of users, peak usage hours, security, and network management. 28 Determine how much of the network structure must be built to prove that the network design meets the customer's needs. A prototype is a complex and full trial run of the network design used to prove that the design works. A prototype is usually a large-scale, fully functional form of a new...

Demonstrating Your Findings to the Customer

After completing the tests, you need to provide proof of the results to the customer. The following are some tips to help you present the information. Publish your findings in a concise but comprehensive report. This report should have an organized method demonstrating how you came to your conclusions. Make sure to focus your work on the customer requirements. Include your diagrams and some of the raw data you have collected. Add the results of your test to the network design document or...

Case Study Answers Case Study 1 GHY Resources

1 List the existing applications used at GHY. Office applications residing on Novell Servers. Business applications residing on the HP 3000s. 2 Diagram the traffic flow between the Novell servers. Figure 3-15 shows a diagram of the traffic flow. Figure 3-15 The traffic flow between the Novell servers of GHY Resources Figure 3-15 The traffic flow between the Novell servers of GHY Resources 3 Assume that each NetWare file server is also a local e-mail server. Diagram the messaging traffic flow to...

TCPIP Routing Protocols

The TCP IP suite defines a selection of routing protocols Routing Information Protocol (RIP) A distance-vector protocol that uses hop count as its metric. RIP is widely used for routing traffic and is an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), which means it performs routing within a single autonomous system. The latest enhancement to RIP is the RIP 2 specification, which allows more information to be included in RIP packets and provides a simple authentication mechanism. The Interior Gateway Routing...

Characterizing Traffic Loads and Behaviors

The tables in this section cover the different broadcasts and traffic patterns that affect the network. The information in these charts can vary depending on use, but you can use these tables to understand the relative values and to understand the impact on the network. In comparison, plain-text information is generally smaller than multimedia or illustrative information because of the screen image. For a multimedia or illustrative application, you must transfer not only the color and the data,...

TCPIP Network Layer

The network layer (Layer 3) includes the following protocols Internet Protocol (IP) Defines a set of rules for communicating across a network. IP contains addressing information and some control information that enables packets to be routed. IP has two primary responsibilities providing connectionless, best-effort delivery of datagrams through an internetwork, and providing fragmentation and reassembly of datagrams to support data links with different maximum transmission unit (MTU) sizes....

Cisco AS5x00 Universal Access Server Series

The AS5x00 series products are high-performance, medium- to high-density universal access servers that deliver hybrid asynchronous serial and ISDN line service to accommodate both mobile users and high-bandwidth dedicated telecommuters. By terminating both analog modem and ISDN calls on the same chassis from the same trunk line, the AS5x00 enables ISPs and enterprise network managers to meet traditional analog dial access needs while supporting the growing demand for high-speed ISDN access. The...

Cisco 3600 Series Modular Access Routers Servers

The Cisco 3600 series is designed to accommodate the growing numbers of dialup branch and remote office users who need dial access to corporate intranets and the public Internet. The Cisco 3600 series of access dialup servers offers an unprecedented degree of support flexibility for dialup applications across both ISDN and asynchronous media. The Cisco 3600 series also supports synchronous serial communication and is fully supported by the Cisco IOS software. Table E-13 lists the products in...

SNMPv2 Protocol Data Unit PDU

SNMPv2 specifies two PDU formats, depending on the SNMP protocol operation. SNMPv2 PDU fields are variable in length, as prescribed by ASN.1. Figure 7-8 illustrates the fields of the SNMPv2 Get, GetNext, Inform, Response, Set, and Trap The following descriptions summarize the fields illustrated in Figure 7-8 PDU Type Identifies the type of PDU transmitted (Get, GetNext, Inform, Response, Set, or Trap). Request ID Associates SNMP requests with responses. Error Status Indicates one of a number of...